Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of commercially available calcium silicate-based bioactive endodontic cement (BEC) on treatment outcome when used as root repair material in human permanent teeth and to compare it with traditional materials. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched until June 2020. Randomized clinical studies and observational studies with a minimum 1-year follow-up and sample size of at least 20 were included. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using Cochrane's ROB tool and the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool. Results: Thirty-nine studies were included in the systematic review. Majority of the studies used mineral trioxide aggregate. The pooled success rate for BEC was estimated by a random-effects method as 90.49% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 88.4992.34, I² = 54%). Eleven studies comparing BEC with traditional materials were included in the meta-analysis. The use of BEC significantly improved the treatment outcome when compared to traditional materials with odds ratio (OR) = 2.15 (95% CI: 1.57–2.96, I² = 0.8%, P = 0.433). Conclusion: Very low-to-moderate-quality evidence suggests that the use of BEC as root repair material enhanced the treatment outcome. High-quality studies are required for the newer BEC to establish their clinical performance. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020211502.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect upon postoperative pain in teeth of patients suffering from apical periodontitis or necrotic pulp when treated with calcium hydroxide and compare it with other intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE database, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched based on the filters and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The screening was done to finally acquire 9 articles from the mass of searched articles. The data extraction followed the screening process, and qualitative and quantitative data were recorded. The risk of bias was conducted with the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and meta-analysis was done using Review Manager version 5.3. Results: A total of 9 studies over the past five decades met the inclusion criteria for full-text reading, and all 9 of them were included for further analysis. When we assessed for pain outcome, in comparison with CHX and Ca(OH), the cumulative mean difference was −4.57 (confidence interval: −16.25, 7.11). The heterogeneity was significant I² = 95%, hence we applied the random effects model. The mean difference showed that the mean pain outcome was more in the control (Ca(OH)) group, as compared to the intervention group. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide is effective in reducing posttreatment pain when it is used alone, but its effectiveness can be increased when used in combination with other medicaments such as chlorhexidine.

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Introduction: To assess the effects of different irrigation activation systems on postoperative pain using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), using new laser irrigation activation system shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS), photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS), passive ultrasonic irrigation activation techniques, compared with the conventional irrigation (CI) method. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients suffering from symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in maxillary or mandibular molars were enrolled and randomly assigned to four different irrigation activation groups (n = 15) after chemomechanical root canal preparation. Preoperative and postoperative pain scores were recorded using VAS. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS 20.0 software at a level of significance being 0.05. Results: We observed that mean pain scores decreased with time in all patients in all groups. The decrease in pain score was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) among both the genders in Group 3 (PIPS) and Group 4 (SWEEPS). Postoperatively, pain scores decreased significantly using Group 4 (SWEEPS), followed by Group 3 (PIPS), Group 2 (ultrasonic activation), and Group 1 (conventional needle irrigation). No significant relation was observed statistically between pain scores and age groups among all groups, except for preoperative score in Group 3 and age groups. Conclusion: Postoperative scores were lower in laser-activated irrigation systems as compared to the other activation systems. The highest pain scores were observed in case of CI method, at pre- and post-operative periods.

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Endodontic treatment is associated with the risk of instrument separation due to multiple factors that create complications not only in further completion of the procedure but also on the final outcome and long-term prognosis of the treatment at times. Separated instrument retrieval is definitely challenging and technique sensitive, requiring a lot of clinical expertise for a successful therapy. All these hurdles make such cases a nightmare to the clinician. This case report presents two clinical cases in which cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided surgery was used for retrieval of separated instruments extending beyond the confines of root canals in a mandibular molar and maxillary premolar. This novel approach utilizes a customized 3D printed surgical guide fabricated with the help of CBCT, which is stabilized intraorally, helping in predefining the osteotomy site, angulation and depth required for retrieval of separated instruments without performing apicoectomy or root end filling. CBCT also plays an important role in these cases as the actual size, location, and depth of the separated instrument can be appreciated preoperatively. In the present cases, 3D surgical guides helped clinicians to selectively retrieve the separated instruments more conservatively and predictably. Furthermore, complete healing was seen within 3 months in both cases.

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Background: Nanocurcumin has antimicrobial properties and it is to be tested as a coating on gutta-percha against Enterococcus faecalis. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha against E. faecalis in comparison with conventional gutta-percha. Materials and Methods: The broth dilution method and colony-forming unit count assay were chosen for the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of nanocurcumin against E. faecalis. ISO size 30, 4% taper gutta-percha cones were manually coated with nanocurcumin. All the coated and noncoated gutta-percha cones were examined under a scanning electron microscope to study the exterior surface. Antibacterial efficacy of nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha and conventional gutta-percha was seen by agar diffusion method against E. faecalis. Results: MIC of nanocurcumin was observed at 50 mg/ml for E. faecalis. Nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha showed a larger zone of inhibition when compared to conventional gutta-percha which showed a smaller zone of inhibition (P < 0.0001). Nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha showed moderate antimicrobial activity, while conventional gutta-percha showed weak activity. Conclusion: The results of the study reveal that nanocurcumin has an antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. The use of herbal alternatives in endodontics might prove to be advantageous.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to study the effect of medicated toothpaste on oral health, a 6-month follow-up. Methods: Four hundred and twenty-seven participants were screened and followed up for 6 months. The intraoral examination was performed to record caries, gingival bleeding, and plaque index. Saliva collected was evaluated for pH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Vitamin C level for 6 months, and data were analyzed. Results: On the usage of medicated toothpaste with herbal extract for 6 months, the salivary pH levels were increased, the interquartile range for plaque, and the gingival bleeding index decreased. The percentage change in salivary TAC, MDA, and Vitamin C levels in the caries-free group of subgroup I was 174.8, 58.06, and 59.98, respectively, in subgroup II was 133.3, 52.08, and 58.51, and in subgroup III was 63.77, 45.11, and 47.77. The percentage change in salivary TAC, MDA, and Vitamin C levels in the caries-active group of subgroup I was 136.62, 57.27, and 72.83, subgroup II was 108.59, 37.50, and 61.55, and in subgroup III was 35.62, 30.82, and 54.10, respectively. Conclusion: The salivary pH levels increased on the usage of medicated toothpaste with herbal extract; plaque and the gingival bleeding index scores were decreased. The salivary antioxidant defense was increased in individuals using medicated toothpaste with herbal extracts which signifies an improvement in overall oral health in the 6-month follow-up.

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Context: Endodontic biofilm eradication is achieved by chemo-mechanical disinfection. The search for a safer, nontoxic irrigant led us to a natural product, Ecoenzyme. Aim: This study aims to analyze Ecoenzyme (EE) and explore its antimicrobial and biofilm disrupting activity against a 1-week mature multi-species biofilm. Materials and Methods: Qualitative assessment of the phytochemicals present in EE was conducted. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and zone of inhibition (ZOI) were recorded. Multi-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC 10307), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was grown and time-kill assay was performed to test biofilm disruption for EE, 3.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control). Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA with post hoc analysis were conducted for ZOI and time-kill assay, respectively. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: EE contained secondary metabolites having antibacterial properties. MIC was 25% (S. mutans), 50% (E. faecalis), and >50% (L. acidophilus). EE disrupted ~90% of biofilm species in 5 min of exposure while NaOCl achieved ~99.9% reduction. Further reduction by EE progressed over 20 min after which no viable bacteria in the biofilm was cultivable. Conclusions: Lemon peel Ecoenzyme (EE) is antimicrobial with effective biofilm-disrupting properties on a mature multi-species biofilm. However, its effects were slower than 3.5% sodium hypochlorite.

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Aim: The present investigation aimed at assessing the diagnostic accuracy of DIAGNOdent compared to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System-II (ICDAS-II) in the detection of facial, smooth surface noncavitated carious lesions. Settings and Design: Sixty patients were enrolled in the current study according to the eligibility criteria. There were 161 teeth with noncavitated, white spot carious lesions and 32 sound teeth. Materials and Methods: Before examination, teeth were cleaned and polished and all patients were assessed under standardized operating conditions: preset dental unit position, operating light, and prolonged air drying (approximately 5 s). All teeth were assessed by two calibrated examiners individually without any contact using ICDAS-II and DIAGNOdent. Statistical Analysis: The diagnostic accuracy of DIAGNOdent device was determined, including sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Chi-square test was conducted to compare the distribution of ICDAS-II and DIAGNOdent scores. Inter-observer agreement between assessors was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test. Results: In the current study, DIAGNOdent had an overall accuracy of 84.45% with sensitivity and specificity of 87.58% and 96.87%, respectively, and +PV and −PV of 97.7% and 83.9%, respectively, when score 0 represented sound tooth surface, while scores 1 and 2 were considered clinically noncavitated carious lesions. Moreover, when only ICDAS score 1 was considered representing first visual change in enamel, DIAGNOdent had an accuracy of 74.15% with sensitivity and specificity of 83.53% and 90.62%, respectively, and +PV and −PV of 93% and 78.6%, respectively. In the present study, when only ICDAS score 2 was considered representing distinct visual change in enamel, DIAGNOdent had an accuracy of 100% with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively, and +PV and −PV of 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: The overall performance of DIAGNOdent was equivalent to the visual inspection using ICDAS-II. DIAGNOdent might be considered a useful adjunctive device for detection and monitoring development of noncavitated carious lesions on facial smooth surfaces.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative pain and clinical efficacy of winged clamps and wingless metallic clamps in rubber dam isolation of permanent molars in class I restoration. Materials and Methods: After obtaining ethical approval and CTRI registration, a total of 60 patients with mild-to-moderate deep class I caries were included after obtaining informed consent and randomly allocated into two assigned groups: Group A – winged clamp and Group B – wingless clamp, with n = 30 per group. Local anesthesia was administered and the tooth was isolated using a rubber dam as per the standardized protocol. The postoperative evaluation was done for pain using the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) at 6 and 12 h; trauma to the gingival tissues, sealing ability of the clamp, and slippage of the clamp were evaluated using criteria for clinical evaluation of rubber dam isolation. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare VRS and clinical parameters, respectively, with P < 0.05. Results: Gingival trauma (P = 0.006) and postoperative pain were statistically significantly more in the wingless group at 6 h (P = 0.016) and 12 h (0.01). Statistically significant lower seepage of fluid (P = 0.017) was observed in the wingless group. Slippage was observed more with the winged group but was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Both clamps showed acceptable clinical performance. Their use should be planned as per the requisite of the case and the position of the tooth.

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Context: In today's era, erosion is the most prevalent type of tooth wear. The prevention of demineralization with biomineralization is the most desired treatment. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface remineralization potential of two remineralizing agents – self-assembling peptide P11-4 (SAP P11-4) and calcium silicate plus sodium phosphate (CSSP) salts on intact and demineralized enamel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Subjects and Methods: Sixteen maxillary premolars were decoronated and split into buccal and palatal halves embedded in acrylic resin with a total sample size of 32 designated into Group 1 (intact teeth) and Group 2 (demineralized teeth). Further subdivision into Groups 1a and 2a (SAP P11-4 group [n = 8]); Groups 1b and 2b (CSSP group [n = 8]), Group 2 was first exposed to Coca-Cola. Then, all groups were subjected to experimental LIBS. Groups 1a and 2a were treated with SAP P11-4 based product, i.e., CURODONT™ PROTECT gel. Groups 1b and 2b were treated with CSSP-based products regimen, i.e., REGENERATE Enamel Science™ Advanced Toothpaste and Advanced Enamel Serum. The LIBS assessment was redone for all groups to attain a change in Ca and P values. Statistical Analysis Used: Inferential statistics were done using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Before–After product application) and Mann–Whitney U-test (between the groups). Results: According to the statistical evaluation there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05), in Ca and P values in demineralized teeth when both SAP P11-4 and CSSP groups were evaluated. Although Ca values exhibited a significant difference in intact teeth, P did not exhibit a significant difference on the application of both remineralizing agents. The remineralizing potential between the two agents, SAP P11-4 and CSSP groups. There was no statistically significant difference ( P <0.05) observed between the two agent's remineralization potential for intact and demineralized teeth. Conclusion: SAP P11-4 and CSSP have the potential to remineralize both intact and demineralized enamel. There was increased remineralization in demineralized samples subjected to erosion.

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A thorough assessment of complex canals in any tooth is a crucial prerequisite for the success of the treatment. The radicular space is often complex, and the canals might also additionally separate at all levels of the root canals, which poses a great challenge to the treating clinician. The mandibular premolars often have variations and complexity in the canal system. The abnormal morphology of these mandibular premolars makes it inaccessible to find and negotiate the additional canals; failure to identify other canals often leads to unsuccessful root canal treatment. This case series reports five successful nonsurgical root canal treatments in mandibular premolars.

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Introduction: A special heat-treated endodontic file (TruNatomy) was recently introduced with the claim of superior flexibility to enhance dentin preservation. The aim of the present study was to assess postoperative pain in single-visit root canal treatment with this newly introduced file, comparing it with other contemporary reciprocating and rotary file systems. Materials and Methods: One hundred seventy patients with acute irreversible pulpitis in maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to four experimental file systems: TruNatomy, HyFlex EDM, EdgeFile, and ProTaper Gold. Pre- and postoperative pain scores were assessed with 10-point visual analog scale. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: TruNatomy file system had significantly the highest postoperative pain incidence (53.8%), while the EdgeFile system had significantly the least postoperative pain incidence (24%) and 24-h pain score. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the reciprocating multiple-file system, EdgeFile, had significantly reduced postoperative pain incidence compared to other heat-treated rotary nickel–titanium file systems.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the degree of conversion of Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill Composite subjected to preheat treatment, postcure heat treatment, and combined heat treatment. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 samples were prepared from Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill using customized stainless steel molds and divided into six groups of 15 samples each based on the heat treatment. Group I (control group): no heat treatment, Group II: preheat treatment at 60°C, Group III: postcure heat treatment at 100°C, Group IV: postcure heat treatment at 200°C, Group V: combined preheat treatment at 60°C and postcure heat treatment at 100°C, and Group VI: combined preheat treatment at 60°C and postcure heat treatment at 200°C. The degree of conversion was analyzed using Raman spectrometer. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Scheffé test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 version. Results: The order of values of degree of conversion from maximum to minimum for the groups are as follows: Group VI (98.77 ± 0.52) > Group V (97.11 ± 0.78) > Group IV (95.00 ± 0.86) > Group III (93.00 ± 1.22) > Group II (86.88 ± 1.36) > Group I (76.55 ± 1.42). The statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Combined heat treatment samples showed better values of degree of conversion.

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Introduction: This study's objective was to assess and compare postoperative pain response between bioceramic sealer (Nishika BG) and epoxy resin based (AH Plus) in patients with primary endodontic lesion at time interval of 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Materials and Methods: The study included 40 individuals with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis. Calcium hydroxide was administered as the intracanal medication during the two-visit endodontic therapy. They were subsequently allocated randomly to either the AH Plus root canal sealer or the Nishika Canal Sealer BG, with a total of 20 participants in each group. Patients were told to use a VAS to rate their postoperative pain severity as none, minimal, moderate, or severe after 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days following obturation using the appropriate sealers. Results: Nishika Canal Sealer BG (CS-BG) has a lower pain score as compared to the AH Plus group at 24-h time point. VAS ratings for both the groups decreased over time. According to the intergroup analysis, there was a significant difference in postoperative pain at the 24 h (P = 0.022), but not at the 48 h or 7 days (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although bioceramic sealer (Nishika Canal Sealer BG) resulted in significantly lower levels of pain as compared to epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus) at 24-h interval, there was no significant difference of postoperative pain at 48-h interval and 7-day period.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and chitosan nanoparticles against Candida albicans using the agar disc-diffusion test. Materials and Methods: Strain of C. albicans was cultivated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using an ionic gelation method. Four groups were made according to the irrigants used. Group 1: 3% NaOCl, Group 2: 2% CHX, Group 3: chitosan nanoparticles, and Group 4: saline as control. Discs were added with the different irrigants and placed in a dish containing C. albicans. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24h. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimeter. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the test of one-way variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey. Group 1 showed significantly higher zone of inhibition compared to Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the zones of inhibition of Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles and 2% CHX have similar efficacy against C. albicans, whereas 3% NaOCl was significantly better than both chitosan nanoparticles and CHX.

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Introduction: Root canal retreatment is typically viewed as an “all or nothing” approach. Whether there is periapical pathosis or not, it is advised that all restorative and obturation materials be removed from all roots. Selective root retreatment, a new therapeutic strategy, allows retreatment to be restricted to a single root or multiple roots exhibiting periapical pathosis. To address the issues, “guided endodontics,” a unique guided technique for the preparation of apically extended access cavities, was introduced. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 22 freshly extracted two-rooted maxillary first premolars were selected and divided into two groups (n = 11). Pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography imaging of all teeth was performed. Root canal treatment was performed for all samples followed by postendodontic composite restorations with the occlusal stamp technique. Then targeted endodontic retreatment (TER) was done with the conventional method and guided method respectively. The tooth substance loss was measured and evaluated using Ez3D-i-3D-software (VATECH) and work precision was determined by calculating the dentinal loss. Statistical data analysis was done by Independent t-test for substance loss measurement and Chi-square test was used to measure the dentinal loss. Results: TER with conventional method showed significantly higher substance loss with t = 4.591 (P < 0.05) and significantly higher dentinal loss measured in conventional method (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In comparison to traditional TER, TER using a customized bur and three dimensions (3D)-guide results in much less substance loss. The dentinal loss was much lower in 3D-guided approach.

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Overview: Different types of bacterial species, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), cause pulpal and periradicular diseases. Hence, the antibacterial efficacy of endodontic sealers is of utmost importance from a clinical point of view. Aim: The main objective of the study is to test the antibacterial efficacy of endodontic sealers against endo microflora belonging to E. faecalis, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis species. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effectiveness of five endodontic sealers (AH plus, Apexit, EndoRez, Endomethasone, and Tubliseal) was tested by means of the agar-diffusion test (ADT) and direct contact test (DCT). The bacterial suspension of individual microorganisms was applied separately onto the agar plates for ADT. Subsequently, freshly mixed and set sealer was applied on to the sterile discs. After 48 h of incubation, the inhibition zones were measured. For DCT, the sealers were put in 96-well cell culture plates and overlaid with bacterial suspension and brain heart infusion broth. The bacterial growth density of the liquid was tested by spectrophotometry at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h. Results: The data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Turkey's test. The present study showed that Endomethasone and AH Plus had a good antibacterial effect. Conclusion: In the ADT and DCT, Endomethasone showed the greatest antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis when compared to other endodontic sealers. In the ADT, Apexit had no antimicrobial effect on E. faecalis, whereas AH Plus had the greatest antibacterial effect on F. nucleatum and P gingivalis. Whereas in DCT, EndoRez and Endomethasone showed the greatest effect against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis.

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the color stability of resin cements subjected to xenon radiation and evaluate their color change (ΔE) during time. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 15 specimens (8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height) were made from a light-cured resin cement (Choice 2, Bisco, USA) and two dual-cured resin cements (Panavia F2 and V5, Kuraray Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan). For assessment of color change, ΔE parameters were measured immediately (ΔE₁) and 24 h (ΔE₂) after polymerization using XRiteCi64 spectrophotometer. Next, they were subjected to xenon lamp radiation (122 h at 35C° and 22% humidity in off mode and 95% in light mode). Then, their color change was measured again (ΔE₃). The mean ΔE and standard deviation of all specimens were calculated, and data analysis was done using analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference. Results: L* values had a tendency to decrease and Panavia F2 and Choice 2 had the highest change after accelerated aging. The comparison of Δa and Δb showed no significant difference between cements except Δa in Panavia F2. All the values were clinically acceptable (ΔE >3.3). The lowest Δ E1 was for Panavia V5 and the highest Δ E1 was measured for Panavia F2. After accelerated aging, there was no significant difference between Panavia V5 and choice 2 (P > 0/05). Conclusions: Following polymerization and under xenon radiation, ΔE of all the specimens was clinically acceptable.

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Background: The development of early carious lesions can be prevented with the use of sealants. This study aimed to evaluate the retention and sealant quality of conventional and bioactive self-etching sealants by direct (clinical) and indirect (microscopical) assessment. Materials and Methods: Sixty newly erupted mandibular second molars (International Caries Detection and Assessment System ≤2) from adolescents were selected for the split-mouth trial study. The tooth was randomized and treated with conventional Fluoroshield (FS) and BeautiSealant (BS) bioactive self-etching sealants. Molds were taken and cast with epoxy resin after treatment. Indirect and direct assessments of retention degree and sealant remnant quality were performed after baseline, 1 month, and 1 year. The Chi-square test, ordinal regression, reasons of chance, and Fleiss' kappa statistical test were employed. Results: After 1 month, greater total retention was observed for FS, but 1-year follow-up demonstrated no retention difference for FS and BS. The odds ratios showed an 86% greater chance of FS showing better marginal adaptation, after 1 month. At 1 year, the clinical assessment showed better anatomical shape and marginal adaptation scores for FS, but no microscopical difference was observed. A pour agreement between clinical and microscopical data was observed. Conclusions: The 1-year follow-up showed no significant difference in the degree of retention, and in the microscopic evaluation of the conventional sealant (FS) and the bioactive self-etching sealant (BS), but in the clinical evaluation, better marginal and anatomical adaptation scores for FS were observed.

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Context: Biocompatibility is one of the major prerequisites for safe clinical application of materials. Resin composites release their components into oral environment following restoration which cause adverse reactions. Aims: To evaluate and compare the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of flowable, bulk-fill flowable, and nanohybrid composites with glass ionomer cement in human gingival cells using epithelial-based cytome assay. Methodology: Sixty healthy patients with noncarious cervical lesions were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15): Group A, glass ionomer cement; Group B, flowable composite; Group C, bulk-fill flowable composite; and Group D, nanohybrid composite. Class V restorations were done in each group with the respective restorative materials. Samples of epithelial cells were collected from gingiva before (control) (T1) and after 10 and 30 days (T2 and T3) postrestoration and examined for the presence of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were subjected to statistical analysis using Friedman's test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The highest level of cytotoxicity was noted at T2 time point with a significant decline at T3 time point. Least cytotoxic damage was exhibited by Group A followed by Group D. Highest cytotoxic effect was shown by Group B followed by Group C. There was no significant level of genotoxicity induced by any of the materials tested at different time points. Conclusion: There is significant cytotoxicity induced by the tested composite materials which had no long-term effects and no genotoxicity was induced by any of the restorative materials tested.

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