In spite of a knowledge explosion in cariology science, dental caries still remains a misunderstood phenomenon by the clinicians. In order to effectively use the wide range of preventive and management strategies, it is imperative to look beyond those black and white spots that manifest on the tooth surfaces.This paper focuses on the revised versions of the etiopathogenesis and definition of dental caries disease in the present century.

Aim: This study evaluates the effect of single and multiple consecutive applications of adhesives on the tensile bond strength. The currently available adhesives follow either the total-etch or the self-etch concept. However, in both techniques the uniformity and thickness of the adhesive layer plays a significant role in the development of a good bond. Materials and Methods: Sixty composite-dentin bonded specimens were prepared using a total-etch adhesive (Gluma) and another 60 using a self-etch adhesive (AdheSE). Each group was further divided into six subgroups based on the number of applications, i.e., single application and multiple (2, 3, 4, 6, and 8) applications. The tensile bond strength was tested with the Instron universal testing machine. The values were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and multiple range tests by Tukey's HSD procedure to identify those subgroups that had significantly higher bond strength. Results: The results indicate that with total-etch adhesive the bond strength increases significantly as the number of applications are increased from one to two or from two to three", for self-etch adhesive the bond strength obtained with two applications is significantly higher than that with one application. However, for both adhesive systems, there was a decrease in the tensile bond strength values with further applications. Conclusion: We conclude that, in the clinical setting, the application of multiple coats of total etch adhesive improves bonding.

Aim: The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate the influence of hydrophobic layer and delay in placement of composite on marginal adaptation of two self-etch adhesive systems (XENO-III and ALL-BOND SE). Materials and Methods: Eighty class V cavities were prepared on intact, extracted human premolars and were divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth each. Group 1: Application of bonding agents as per manufacturer directions and immediate placement of composite; Group 2: Application of bonding agent and composite similar to group1, with hydrophobic layer curing before composite placement; Group 3: Application of bonding agent similar to group 1, with 2 min delay in composite placement; and Group 4: Application similar to group 2 with 2-min delay in composite placement. The specimens were restored and light cured. After thermocycling and immersion in 2% basic Fuchsin dye solution, the teeth were sectioned and dye penetration was observed under a stereomicroscope at 20x magnification. All the samples were scored and results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: In group 1, the microleakage along the both enamel and dentin margin was significantly higher than the other groups for both the adhesive systems. There is no significant difference between groups 2, 3 and 4. Conclusion: The addition of a more hydrophobic resin layer and delay in composite placement significantly improves the marginal adaptation of self-etch adhesive resin systems.

Aim: To evaluate the bacterial microleakage across remaining Gutta-percha in teeth prepared for post space with and without the use of an intracanal glass ionomer barrier. Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted intact human mandibular premolars with single canal were instrumented, obturated with Gutta-percha and AH plus sealer and post spaces were created. Teeth were assigned into experimental groups as follows: Group I - 3 mm of Gutta-percha, Group II - 4 mm of Gutta-percha, Group III - 3 mm of Gutta-percha with 1 mm of Vitrebond as barrier, Group IV -4 mm of Gutta-percha with 1mm of Vitrebond as barrier. The roots were suspended in Rogosa SL broth and 50 µl of lyophilized Lactobacilli Casei was inoculated as the microbial marker. The mean days taken for the broth to turn turbid were tabulated. The values were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Results: At the end of 64 days, the mean and standard deviation of the number of days for the broth to turn turbid was: Group I - 20.50, (SD - 3.96). Group II - 25.43, (SD - 4.83), Group III - 38.63, (SD - 9.36), and Group IV - 53.50, (SD - 11.15) Conclusion: Vitrebond could be used as an intracanal barrier to provide a superior coronal seal in teeth requiring post and core.

Intrusive luxation is one of the most severe forms of traumatic injuries in which the affected tooth is forced to displace deeper into the alveolus. As a consequence of this type of injury, maximum damage occurs to the pulp and all the supporting structures. This report presents a case of severe intrusive luxation of mature maxillary central and lateral incisor in a 40-year-old male. The intruded tooth was immediately repositioned (surgical extrusion) and splinted within hours following injury. Antibiotic therapy was initiated at the time of repositioning and maintained for 5 days. Pulp removal and calcium hydroxide treatment of the root canal was carried out after repositioning. Splint was removed 2 months later. Definitive root canal treatment with Gutta percha was accomplished at a later appointment. Clinical and radiographic examination 6, 12 and 24 months after the surgical extrusion revealed satisfactory progressive apical and periodontal healing.

The endodontic treatment of teeth with dens invaginatus, characterized by an infolding of enamel and dentin, extending deep into the pulp cavity near the root apex, may be complicated and challenging. The complexity of the internal anatomy may create challenges for the complete removal of diseased pulpal tissue and the subsequent sealing of the canal system. Because of the bizarre root canal anatomy and widely open apex, a combination of nonsurgical and surgical endodontic treatment or extraction is the most common choice of therapy. This article describes case reports of nonsurgical endodontic treatment of Type II dens invaginatus associated with periradicular lesion.

An endodontic clinician may face unwanted situations during root canal treatment. We present here an unusual case of soft tissue and gingival necrosis of the oral cavity following the use of formocresol^® during endodontic treatment.