“Cavity preparation is defined as mechanical alteration of defective, injured or diseased tooth in order to receive a restorative material which will reestablish a healthy state for the tooth including esthetic corrections where indicated, along with normal form of function� 37.

An in-vitro study was done to compare the surface finish of conventional Glass Ionomer Cement with that of fast setting Glass Ionomer cement. (In-vitro study) Ten intact non-carious central incisors were selected and Non-retentive class V cavities were prepared and 5 teeth were filled with conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (Group I) and remaining 5 teeth were filled with fast setting Glass Ionomer (Group II). All the samples were finished and polished. The samples were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Results showed that under all magnifications fast setting Glass Ionomer Cement exhibits better surface finish and marginal integrity when compared to conventional Glass Ionomer Cement.

Gly-oxide alone and gly-oxide combined with Sodium Hypochlorite were compared with normal saline as root canal irrigant in 56 root canals taken from 28 patients. Ten percent Carbamide peroxide (gly-oxide) along with 5.25% Sodium Hydrochloride was found to be superior as compared to Carbamide peroxide (gly-oxide) used alone. Carbamide peroxide (gly-oxide) alone or in combination with 5.25% Hypochlorite produced high percentage of growth free cultures as compared to normal saline.

Fractures of the middle third of the root have long been considered hopeless. Since removal of the apical segment creates an undesirable crown-root ratio, whereas too little is left to support a post, core and jacket crown, if the coronal portion is removed. These case reports suggested two modes of treatment of mid-root fractures: a. Non-surgical endodontic stabilizer for cases where root canal of the fractured apical fragment can be negotiated through the routine coronal access opening. b. Surgical endodontic stabilizer for cases where: 1. sever displacement of the fractured fragments has occurred. 2. the root has fractured into many splinters. 3. surgery is mandatory to retain the tooth.

Mastering the art of endodontics requires a complete knowledge of morphology, principles of debridement and obturation. The failure in endodontic treatment has long been intriguing the Dental Surgeon because of insufficient knowledge of root canal system. Endodontic therapy in multi rooted teeth often pose a challenge to the endodontist because of wide variations in number and configuration of the root canals. Since the mandibular first molar is the tooth most frequently treated endodontically, and since the literature is so inconclusive and variable as regards morphology of this tooth, the present study was undertaken for a detailed investigation of the curvatures and configurations of the root, canals of permanent mandibular first molar. The variations are mostly detected in the mesial roots hence only mesial root of mandibular first molar was selected for this study. In order to evaluate configuration of the root canals, three dimensional radiographs were taken from buccolingual as well as mesiodistal direction.