| |
|
|
| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 22
| Issue : 3 | Page : 296-299 |
|
| Comparison of fluoride ion release and alkalizing potential of a new bulk-fill alkasite |
|
|
Nupur Gupta, Shikha Jaiswal, Vineeta Nikhil, Sachin Gupta, Padmanabh Jha, Parul Bansal
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 10-Feb-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 18-Mar-2019 |
| Date of Acceptance | 22-May-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 03-Jul-2019 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare fluoride ion release by Cention-N (self-cure and light-cure) and conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) at different pH and time intervals.
Methodology: Cavities of similar dimensions were prepared in mandibular molars and restored with Cention-N (by self-cure and light-cure techniques) and GIC. Samples were stored in deionized water, and the cumulative fluoride ion release and change in pH were assessed utilizing spectrophotometer and pH meter, respectively, at the end of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed.
Results: All the tested materials released fluoride ions in both acidic and neutral pH at all time intervals, and the fluoride ion release was significantly higher (<0.05) in acidic pH as compared to neutral pH except in GIC. All the groups showed a statistically significant increase in pH in acidic medium, whereas no significant increase was observed in neutral medium.
Conclusions: Cention-N (self-cure) has the highest fluoride ion release and alkalizing potential in acidic pH as compared to Cention-N (light-cure) and GIC. Keywords: Cention-N; fluoride ion; glass-ionomer cement; pH change
How to cite this article:
Gupta N, Jaiswal S, Nikhil V, Gupta S, Jha P, Bansal P. Comparison of fluoride ion release and alkalizing potential of a new bulk-fill alkasite. J Conserv Dent 2019;22:296-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Gupta N, Jaiswal S, Nikhil V, Gupta S, Jha P, Bansal P. Comparison of fluoride ion release and alkalizing potential of a new bulk-fill alkasite. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 20];22:296-9. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2019/22/3/296/262030 |
| Introduction | |  |
Continuous progress in restorative technology has made possible the availability of numerous direct filling materials to the modern dental practice – ranging from amalgams to glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and composites. Of these, GIC stands out for their excellent potential to release fluoride, which helps in preventing enamel demineralization, promoting remineralization, reducing plaque growth, and consequently helping to prevent dental caries.[1-4]
However, GIC lacks flexural strength and hence is not indicated for stress bearing.[2] In this regard, a new alternative metal-free esthetic alkasite restorative material (Cention N, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) has been introduced, which has been claimed not only to release substantial levels of fluoride ions comparable to traditional GICs but also hydroxyl and calcium ions and the increased ion release may be attributed to its patented alkaline filler.[5]
The release of hydroxide ions from a restorative material may also aid in neutralizing the excess acidity during acid attacks by cariogenic flora, thus preventing demineralization.[6] Both these factors may thus work in tandem to increase the anticariogenic potential of Cention-N.
There are various factors influencing the amount and pattern of fluoride ion release from a restorative material such as temperature, pH, the technique of mixing of material, powder-liquid ratio, and surrounding media.[7] Anticariogenic effect of fluoride-releasing materials depends on the amount and sustainability of fluoride ion release, especially at pH below the critical level (5.5).[7] Apart from the above-mentioned factors, another factor which governs the release of fluoride ions is the time for which the material has been in the oral conditions.
Quantification of fluoride and hydroxyl ion can be done directly by spectrophotometer; however, hydroxyl ion release can also be evaluated by an alternative method of recording pH change or the buffering capacity of the material.
Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the fluoride ion release and alkalizing potential of Cention-N (light-cure and self-cure) at different pH and time interval and compare it with conventional GIC.
| Methodology | | |
Freshly extracted human permanent mandibular molar teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were collected. Teeth were cleaned of calculus and organic debris with the help of an ultrasonic scaler and periodontal curettes.
Forty-five specimens were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were noncarious molars and molars extracted due to periodontal reasons, whereas the exclusion criteria were teeth presenting with caries, fracture or crack, and hypoplasia or hypomineralization.
They were then disinfected with 0.1% thymol solution and stored in normal saline till the time of use. Teeth were sectioned at the level of the cementoenamel junction, and the root portion was removed. Each sample was then sectioned in four equal sections mesiodistally and buccolingually to obtain 180 samples.
Further, a flat-end cylinder diamond bur was used at a speed of 300,000 rpm under continuous air water to prepare the cavities with a depth and width of 2 mm.
The samples (n = 180) were randomly divided into the following three equal groups (n = 60): GIC (G), Cention-N – Self-cure (CS), and Cention-N – Light cure (CL).
The cavities in all the groups were restored with respective restorative materials which were manipulated according to the manufacturer's instructions. All the samples were incubated in 95% relative humidity at 37°C for 24 h. Further, two layers of nail varnish were used to coat the samples, leaving a margin of 1 mm around the restoration.
The samples were subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 30) on the basis of pH (acidic pH – 4, neutral Ph – 6.8) of the solution used for testing. The subgroups representing acidic pH were GA, CSA, and CLA, and subgroups representing neutral pH were GN, CSN, and CLN.
Finally, each of the subgroups was further divided into three groups on the basis of duration (7 days, 14 days, and 21 days) for which testing was done.
One-hundred and eighty plastic containers were prepared each containing 5 ml of deionized water/acidic medium. Ten samples from each of the subgroup were stored in each of these plastic containers. After 24 h, the containers were thoroughly shaken; samples were removed; and the storage medium was collected. The samples were then reimmersed in the plastic container-containing fresh 5 mL of deionized water. The same procedure was repeated for 7 days for subgroups – GN7, CSN7, CLN7, GA7, CSA7, and CLA7, for 14 days for subgroups – GN14, CSN14, CLN14GA14, CSA14, and CLA14, and for 21 days for subgroups – GN21, CSN21, CLN21GA21, CSA21, and CLA21.
All the samples were incubated in 95% relative humidity environment at 37°C until the period of testing. The cumulative fluoride ion release and change in pH were assessed at the end of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. The data so obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA-F, Paired “t”, and Unpaired t-test.
| Results | | |
All the tested materials released fluoride ions in both acidic and neutral pH at all time intervals, and the fluoride ion release was higher in acidic pH as compared to neutral pH [Table 1]. Subgroup CSA released significantly higher amounts of fluoride ion when compared to subgroup GA and CLA, whereas subgroup GN released significantly higher amounts of fluoride ion when compared to subgroup CSN and CLN at all time intervals except at 21 days where the fluoride ion release of subgroup GN and CSN was similar. The fluoride ion release of subgroup CL was lower than that of subgroup CS and G at all periods. | Table 1: Mean values of fluoride ion release (ppm) and pH change from different subgroups at 7, 14, and 21 days
Click here to view |
Fluoride ion release from all the tested materials decreased with increasing period except in subgroup GA, where the amount of fluoride ion release increased. All the groups showed a statistically significant increase in pH in acidic medium, whereas no significant increase was observed in neutral medium. Change in pH or alkalization in acidic medium was significantly higher in subgroup CS as compared to subgroup CL and G [Table 2]. | Table 2: Probable values of paired t-test between subgroups of Groups G, CS, and CL for fluoride ion release and pH change
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Cention-N is a recently introduced bulk-fill restorative material which is both self-cure and light-cure, thus making the curing depth theoretically unlimited. It exhibits a sustained release of fluoride and hydroxyl ion in carious conditions (below critical pH) as claimed by the manufacturers.[5] However, this aspect has not been researched yet. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate its fluoride ion release capability at different pH and time intervals and compare it with GIC.
Mandibular molars were selected for the sample preparation since these teeth have a larger surface area allowing easier sectioning at various levels.[8] For the better simulation of clinical conditions, instead of artificial molds (as used in various other studies),[9-12] the materials were restored in the prepared cavities on the tooth surface. Cavities were made of similar dimensions to maintain standardization. Flat-end cylinder diamond bur was used for cavity preparation to achieve the exact dimensions of the cavity with smooth axial walls and flat pulpal floor. The unprepared enamel surface of the samples was coated with two layers of nail varnish, leaving a 1-mm window around the cavity margins to prevent ion release from the tooth surface which may cause overestimation of results.[13]
Deionized water was preferred as the storage medium over artificial saliva, due to the high viscosity and the presence of ions in the latter one. These ions may affect the release of fluoride ions from the restorative materials, thus leading to an inaccurate estimation of fluoride ion.[14]
The storage medium was changed in every 24 h due to the possibility of saturation of released fluoride ions in the storage medium, which interferes with further release of fluoride ions.[9],[10]
The results of this study showed higher fluoride ion release in acidic pH as compared to neutral pH in all the groups, indicating that when conditions become acidic due to cariogenic challenges, GIC and Cention-N would release relatively more fluoride ion. This finding is in corroboration with studies conducted by Gandolfi et al.,[15] Mungara et al.,[10] and Jingarwar et al.[11] which assessed fluoride ion release in GIC in similar conditions. This may be because a decrease in pH of solvent may lead to an increase in the surface dissolution of the materials, thus increasing fluoride ion release.[16]
In neutral pH, GIC released significantly higher amounts of fluoride ion when compared to Cention-N (self-cure and light-cure) at all time intervals. This may be because of relatively higher filler content in GIC (99.9%).[17] The fillers of Cention-N comprise barium aluminum-silicate glass filler, ytterbium trifluoride, an isofiller (Tetric N-Ceram technology), a calcium barium aluminum fluorosilicate glass filler, and a calcium fluorosilicate (alkaline) glass filler.[5] Out of this 78.4% filler content, only 24.6% of the final material is responsible for fluoride ion release.[5] In addition, fillers in Cention-N are surface modified, thus becoming resistant to degradation and may lead to the release of a lesser amount of fluoride ions.[5] GIC has the presence of a thick 300 nm silica gel layer on its surface which after water sorption increases in its thickness. While in Cention-N, due to the formation of calcium fluoride and calcium phosphate, a 0.5-μm thick surface layer has been observed, which is resistant toward rinsing with deionized water.[5]
In acidic pH, Cention-N (self-cure) released significantly higher amounts of fluoride ion when compared to GIC at all time intervals. The possible explanation is that Cention-N may have reacted more aggressively in the presence of acidic environment, i.e., probably the surface resistant layer may have deteriorated faster as compared to GIC, thus exposing the matrix for increased release of fluoride ions.[5]
The amount of fluoride ions release decreased with an increasing period. Similar results have been observed by Kiran and Hegde,[18] Neelakantan et al.,[19] and Cardoso et al.[12] who compared GIC with different restorative material in a different context. The initial superficial rinsing effect or surface wash-off effect and fluoride burst may have led to initial high values and the rapid fall during subsequent days was likely due to only slower and constant diffusion through cement pores, fractures, and mass diffusion.[11],[15] However, in GIC, the fluoride ion release increased in acidic medium due to relatively higher degradation of GIC at low pH.
Cention-N in self-cure mode released significantly higher fluoride ions as compared to that of light-cure mode. The decline in the capacity of light cure to release fluoride ions may be due to a tightly bound or a less hydrophilic matrix due to photopolymerization of the alkasite restorative material.[20] The same reason could be valid for a better alkalizing ability in self-cure as compared to the light-cure mode of Cention-N.
Cention-N demonstrated a significantly high alkalizing potential in acidic pH. This may be due to the hydroxyl and calcium ions release by alkaline glass fillers from Cention-N, which are able to have a direct effect on the pH levels in the oral cavity, thus creating conditions whereby excess acidity due to cariogenic bacterial activity could be neutralized.[5]
A slight increase in pH in GIC was also noticed in acidic medium. Although GIC does not release hydroxyl ion, studies conducted by Nicholson et al.[21] have indicated that GIC does have a buffering effect. It has been seen that the exposure to an acidic challenge may lead to aluminum ions being leached out, aiding in the neutralizing action of GIC.[22]
| Conclusions | | |
Based on the results and within the limitations of the study, the following conclusions were formulated – The highest fluoride ion release potential was exhibited by Cention-N (self-cure) in acidic medium and GIC in neutral medium. Fluoride ion release was higher in acidic pH as compared to neutral pH for both Cention-N and GIC. Fluoride ion release decreased over the period in both acidic and neutral pH in all the groups except GIC (in acidic medium), where the fluoride ion release gradually increased over the period. All the groups demonstrated alkalizing ability in acidic medium only with Cention-N (self-cure) having significantly higher alkalizing potential than Cention-N (light-cure) and the lowest being in GIC.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Forsten L. Short-and long-term fluoride release from glass ionomers and other fluoride-containing filling materials in vitro. Scand J Dent Res 1990;98:179-85.  |
| 2. | Creanor SL, Carruthers LM, Saunders WP, Strang R, Foye RH. Fluoride uptake and release characteristics of glass ionomer cements. Caries Res 1994;28:322-8. |
| 3. | Featherstone JD, Glena R, Shariati M, Shields CP. Dependence of in vitro demineralization of apatite and remineralization of dental enamel on fluoride concentration. J Dent Res 1990;69 Spec No: 620-5. |
| 4. | ten Cate JM, Featherstone JD. Mechanistic aspects of the interactions between fluoride and dental enamel. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1991;2:283-96. |
| 5. | Todd JC. Scientific documentation: Cention N. Schaan, Liechtenstein: Ivoclar Vivadent Press; 2016. |
| 6. | Persson A, Lingstrom P, van Dijken JW. Effect of a hydroxyl ion-releasing composite resin on plaque acidogenicity. Caries Res 2005;39:201-6. |
| 7. | Moreau JL, Xu HH. Fluoride releasing restorative materials: Effects of pH on mechanical properties and ion release. Dent Mater 2010;26:e227-35. |
| 8. | Asgary S, Nikneshan S, Akbarzadeh-Bagheban A, Emadi N. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and dimensional measurements by using CBCT in mandibularfirst molars. J Clin Exp Dent 2016;8:e1-8. |
| 9. | Mousavinasab SM, Meyers I. Fluoride release by glass ionomer cements, compomer and giomer. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2009;6:75-81. |
| 10. | Mungara J, Philip J, Joseph E, Rajendran S, Elangovan A, Selvaraju G. Comparative evaluation of fluoride release and recharge of pre-reacted glass ionomer composite and nano-ionomeric glass ionomer with daily fluoride exposure: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013;31:234-9. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 11. | Jingarwar MM, Pathak A, Bajwa NK, Sidhu HS. Quantitative assessment of fluoride release and recharge ability of different restorative materials in different media: An in vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:ZC31-4. |
| 12. | Cardoso AM, Leitao AS, Neto JL, Almeida TL, Lima DM, Brandt LM, et al. Evaluation of fluoride release, pH and microhardness of glass ionomer cements. Braz Res Pediatr Dent Int Clin 2015;15:23-9. |
| 13. | Samanta S, Das UK, Mitra A. Comparison of microleakage in class V cavity restored with flowable composite resin, glass ionomer cement and cention N. Imp J Interdiscip Res 2017;3:180-3. |
| 14. | el Mallakh BF, Sarkar NK. Fluoride release from glass-ionomer cements in de-ionized water and artificial saliva. Dent Mater 1990;6:118-22. |
| 15. | Gandolfi MG, Chersoni S, Acquaviva GL, Piana G, Prati C, Mongiorgi R, et al. Fluoride release and absorption at different pH from glass-ionomer cements. Dent Mater 2006;22:441-9. |
| 16. | Nicholson JW, Czarnecka B. The release of ions by compomers under neutral and acidic conditions. J Oral Rehabil 2004;31:665-70. |
| 17. | Sidhu SK, Nicholson JW. A review of glass-ionomer cements for clinical dentistry. J Funct Biomater 2016;7. pii: E16. |
| 18. | Kiran A, Hegde V. A short term comparative analysis of fluoride release from a newly introduced glass ionomer cement in deionised water and lactic acid. J Int Oral Health 2010;2:71-8. |
| 19. | Neelakantan P, John S, Anand S, Sureshbabu N, Subbarao C. Fluoride release from a new glass-ionomer cement. Oper Dent 2011;36:80-5. |
| 20. | Delbem AC, Pedrini D, França JG, Machado TM. Fluoride release/recharge from restorative materials – Effect of fluoride gels and time. Oper Dent 2005;30:690-5. |
| 21. | Nicholson JW, Aggarwal A, Czarnecka B, Limanowska-Shaw H. The rate of change of pH of lactic acid exposed to glass-ionomer dental cements. Biomaterials 2000;21:1989-93. |
| 22. | Nicholson JW, Czarnecka B. Review paper: Role of aluminum in glass-ionomer dental cements and its biological effects. J Biomater Appl 2009;24:293-308. |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Nupur Gupta
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, NH-58, Delhi Haridwar Bypass Road, Meerut - 250 005, Uttar Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_74_19
[Table 1], [Table 2] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Leaching components and initial biocompatibility of novel bioactive restorative materials |
|
| Sabina Noreen Wuersching, Christof Högg, Lisa Kohl, Franz-Xaver Reichl, Reinhard Hickel, Maximilian Kollmuss | | Dental Materials. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
An In Vivo Evaluation of Retention and Antibacterial Efficacy of Posterior High Strength Glass Ionomer Cement and Glass Hybrid Bulk-fill Alkasite Restorative Material as Conservative Adhesive Restoration in Children with Mixed Dentition: A Comparative Stu |
|
| Shivayogi M Hugar, Seema Hallikerimath, Sanjana P Soneta, Riddhi S Joshi, Pooja K Dialani, Neha Kohli | | International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2023; 15(5): 529 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Fluoride Release of Several Types of Fluoride-Containing Restorative Materials According to Fluoride Concentration in Toothpaste |
|
| Chungho Lee, Jewoo Lee, Jiyoung Ra | | THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 2022; 49(2): 197 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
EVALUATION OF ALKALIZING POTENTIAL OF ALKASITE RESTORATIONS PREPARED IN DIFFERENT SIZES |
|
| Büsra ÇINAR, Digdem EREN | | Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
An alkasite restorative material effectively remineralized artificial interproximal enamel caries in vitro |
|
| Thipthida Theerarath, Wannakorn Sriarj | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Adhesive Ability of Different Oral Pathogens to Various Dental Materials: An In Vitro Study |
|
| Yan Tu, Shuli Deng, Yuan Wang, Xiaolong Lin, Zhenyu Yang, Tingtao Chen | | Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2022; 2022: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
The impact of an alkasite restorative material on the pH of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and dentin remineralization: an in vitro study |
|
| Pawinee Wiriyasatiankun, Rangsima Sakoolnamarka, Panida Thanyasrisung | | BMC Oral Health. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Secondary caries and marginal adaptation of ion-releasing versus resin composite restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |
|
| Eman H. Albelasy, Hamdi H. Hamama, Hooi Pin Chew, Marmar Montaser, Salah H. Mahmoud | | Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Acid Buffer Capacity and Compressive Strength of Bioactive Restorative Materials in the Cariogenic pH Solution |
|
| Yosi Kusuma Eriwati, Windy Almyra Hanyouri, Martin Dharma, Bambang Irawan | | Materials Science Forum. 2022; 1069: 167 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
A comparative evaluation of fracture toughness, flexural strength, and acid buffer capability of a bulk-fill alkasite with high-strength glass-ionomer cement: An in vitro study |
|
| MadhuriSai Battula, Mamta Kaushik, Neha Mehra, Vishnu Raj | | Dental Research Journal. 2022; 19(1): 90 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Comparison of antibacterial activity and fluoride release in tooth-colored restorative materials: Resin-modified glass ionomer, zirconomer, giomer, and cention N |
|
| Atiyeh Feiz, MaryamAlsadat Nicoo, Abdossalam Parastesh, Niloufar Jafari, Dorna Sarfaraz | | Dental Research Journal. 2022; 19(1): 104 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Phosphate Ion Release and Alkalizing Potential of Three Bioactive Dental Materials in Comparison with Composite Resin |
|
| Shahin Kasraei, Sahebeh Haghi, Sara Valizadeh, Narges Panahandeh, Sogol Nejadkarimi, Shinn Jyh Ding | | International Journal of Dentistry. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Flexural properties and dentin adhesion in recently developed self-adhesive bulk-fill materials |
|
| Philippe François, Anis Remadi, Stéphane Le Goff, Sarah Abdel-Gawad, Jean-Pierre Attal, Elisabeth Dursun | | Journal of Oral Science. 2021; 63(2): 139 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Flexural Properties of Bioactive Restoratives in Cariogenic Environments |
|
| AU Yap, HS Choo, HY Choo, NA Yahya | | Operative Dentistry. 2021; 46(4): 448 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Influence of Selected Restorative Materials on the Environmental pH: In Vitro Comparative Study |
|
| Anna Lehmann, Kacper Nijakowski, Michalina Nowakowska, Patryk Wos, Maria Misiaszek, Anna Surdacka | | Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(24): 11975 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties and filler particles characterization of conventional, bulk-fill, and bioactive resin-based composites |
|
| Vitaliano Gomes de Araújo-Neto, Maicon Sebold, Eduardo Fernandes de Castro, Victor Pinheiro Feitosa, Marcelo Giannini | | Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2021; 115: 104288 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Comparative evaluation of long-term fluoride release and antibacterial activity of an alkasite, nanoionomer, and glass ionomer restorative material – An in vitro study |
|
| RV Aparajitha, PSenthamil Selvan, AShafie Ahamed, S Bhavani, V Nagarajan | | Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2021; 24(5): 485 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Assessment of Fluoride Release through Dentin Adhesive in the Alkasite Restorative Material and Giomer |
|
| Haeni Kim, Howon Park, Juhyun Lee, Hyunwoo Seo | | THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 2021; 48(4): 367 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
An In Vitro Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties and Fluoride-releasing Ability of a New Self-cure Filling Material |
|
| N. Sridhar, Shwetha Balagopal, Kanwardeep Kaur | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2021; 22(2): 134 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Surface Roughness and Microbial Adhesion After Finishing of Alkasite Restorative Material |
|
| Choa Park, Howon Park, Juhyun Lee, Hyunwoo Seo, Siyoung Lee | | THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 2020; 47(2): 188 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Fluoride Release and Recharge Properties of Several Fluoride-Containing Restorative Materials |
|
| Dongyun Lee, Jongsoo Kim, Miran Han, Jisun Shin | | THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 2020; 47(2): 196 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Comparison of Microhardness and Compressive Strength of Alkasite and Conventional Restorative Materials |
|
| Kunho Lee, Jongsoo Kim, Jisun Shin, Miran Han | | THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 2020; 47(3): 320 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Evaluation of F, Ca, and P release and microhardness of eleven ion-leaching restorative materials and the recharge efficacy using a new Ca/P containing fluoride varnish |
|
| Chirayu Ruengrungsom, Michael F. Burrow, Peter Parashos, Joseph E.A. Palamara | | Journal of Dentistry. 2020; 102: 103474 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
On the issue of composite materials |
|
| Olga Mohamed Hassan Bait Said, S. V. Razumova, E. V. Velichko | | Russian Journal of Dentistry. 2020; 24(4): 278 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Long term Fluoride Release of Newly Developed Alkasite Based Restorative Material |
|
| Edibe EGIL | | Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2020; 13(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Comparative evaluation of fluoride release and re-release and recharge potential of Zirconomer Improved and Cention |
|
| Saurav Paul, Aakrati Raina, Simran Kour, Swati Mishra, Mukta Bansal, Arijit Sengupta | | Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2020; 23(4): 402 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 5620 | | | Printed | 126 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 459 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 26 | | |
|
|
