| |
|
|
| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 22
| Issue : 3 | Page : 281-286 |
|
| Efficacy of different remineralization agents on treating incipient enamel lesions of primary and permanent teeth |
|
|
Fatih Tulumbaci1, Aylin Akbay Oba2
1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 01-Feb-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 19-Feb-2019 |
| Date of Acceptance | 06-May-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 03-Jul-2019 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro efficacy of different remineralization (RM) agents on RM of artificial caries by evaluating the density, light reflection, and the crystal size of the newly formed mineral in primary and permanent teeth.
Materials and Methods: Caries-free primary and permanent molars were divided into seven groups (n = 20) and treated with: G1 – Deionized water, G2 – Colgate Cavity Protection, G3 – Sensodyne Rapid Relief, G4 – GC MI Paste Plus, G5 – Clinpro Tooth Creme, G6 – Clinpro 5000, and G7 – Sensodyne Repair and Protect. Lesion depths were evaluated using laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent), and polarized light microscopy (PLM), and the minerals were evaluated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD).
Results: The highest decrease in laser fluorescence readings was observed in G6 for both primary and permanent teeth. No significant difference was observed between G2, G4, G5, and G6 in permanent teeth and G4 and G6 in primary teeth (P > 0.05). In PLM analyses, lesions depths were found to be lower in G6 compared to the other groups. No significant difference was observed between G2, G4, and G6 (P < 0.05). XRD evaluation showed that the newly formed mineral in G6 was denser and highly crystallized compared to the other groups.
Conclusion: This in vitro study demonstrated that Clinpro 5000 is more efficient in remineralizing incipient enamel lesions compared to the other agents tested. Keywords: DIAGNOdent; initial enamel lesion; polarized light microscopy; remineralization; X-ray diffractometry
How to cite this article:
Tulumbaci F, Oba AA. Efficacy of different remineralization agents on treating incipient enamel lesions of primary and permanent teeth. J Conserv Dent 2019;22:281-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Tulumbaci F, Oba AA. Efficacy of different remineralization agents on treating incipient enamel lesions of primary and permanent teeth. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 20];22:281-6. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2019/22/3/281/262021 |
| Introduction | |  |
Dental caries is a transmittable disease leading to the extensive demineralization (DM) of dental tissues and is related to the oral flora, dental plaque, and consumption of fermentable sugars. In a healthy oral environment, DM and remineralization (RM) occur continuously and are at a balance. However, when the intraoral pH drops below 5.50, mostly due to the diffusion of the bacterial organic acids, the DM exceeds RM because of the increased dissolution of calcium and phosphate in the enamel to the unsaturated plaque fluid.[1]
Many agents to prevent or reverse the formation of carious lesions have been developed or are currently being investigated. To date, fluoride (F) has been the most widely and longest used RM agent. F ions replace the −OH groups in the hydroxyapatite, and the resulting fluorapatite is more resistant to acid challenge.[2]
Next to fluoride, casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has been the most studied RM agent. Casein is a phosphoprotein, comprising 80% of the milk proteins. It also has a remarkable ability to stabilize ACP.[3] CPP-ACP shows its anticaries activity by being incorporated into the dental plaque and increasing the free calcium and phosphate concentration, thus saturating the tooth surface. It is also suggested that by increasing the concentration of free calcium, CPP-ACP may have bacteriostatic effects.[4]
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is another RM agent suggested to play a role in increasing the free calcium concentration in saliva and dental plaque.[5]
Strontium (Sr) is similar to calcium in terms of atomic radius and chemical properties and is found in enamel at trace levels. The observations that Sr-rich enamel has lower caries prevalence have led researchers to investigate the anticarious effects of Sr.[6]
Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSP) is a bioactive glass component, which releases the silica, calcium, phosphate, and sodium necessary to remineralize enamel. Since the surface of the bioactive glass is formed of carbonated apatite, it has a high adherence to the tooth mineral, which naturally increases the RM potential.[7],[8]
A survey of the literature has revealed that no studies have been conducted to compare the efficacies of RM agents containing F, Sr, CPP-ACP, TCP, and CSP under identical in vitro conditions. Therefore, this study aims to compare the in vitro efficacies of commercially available at-home use RM products containing F (Colgate Cavity Protection), Sr and F (Sensodyne Rapid Relief), CPP-ACP and F (GC MI Paste Plus), TCP and F (Clinpro Tooth Creme and Clinpro 5000), and CSP + F (Sensodyne Repair and Protect).
| Materials and Methods | | |
This study has been conducted in full accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. All the patients have signed to a consent form approved by the ethics committee.
Preparation of the samples and formation of artificial caries
The patients were referred to the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, the indication of extraction; on the buccal and lingual/palatinal surfaces, visible structural defects such as caries, DM, hypomineralization, and coloration were not included in the study. Seventy primary and 70 permanent freshly extruded molar. Seventy primary and 70 permanent freshly extruded molar teeth were collected. The soft-tissue remnants on the teeth were removed and cleaned with fluoride-free pumice, polishing brush, and nonfluoridated water. The samples were kept in 0.10% thymol solution (ADR Group, Istanbul, Turkey). The crowns of the teeth were cut at the enamel-cementum junction using a diamond wheel under water cooling. Then, the teeth were cut at the mesiodistal direction, and two specimens were obtained from each tooth. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic blocks (Orthocryl EQ, Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) with the enamel surface facing outward. On each tooth, approximately 150 μm enamel layer was removed via serial polishing with 500, 1200, 2400, and 4000 grit silicon carbide polishing strips.[9] The specimen surfaces were standardized by polishing with diamond abrasives (DiaDuo-2, Struers, Denmark). Enamel surfaces were covered with 4 mm × 4 mm pieces of scotch tape, and the areas left open were coated with two layers of acid-resistant nail polish (Flormar MATTE, Kocaeli, Turkey). The artificial caries was formed by keeping the specimens in a demineralizing solution containing 2.2 mM Ca(NO3)2, 2.2 mM KH2 PO4, 0.1 ppm NaF, and 50 mM acetic acid for 3 days at 37°C.[10] The specimens were demineralized before separating the groups. All specimens were demineralized in the same solution in the same container. The experimental groups were formed by randomly selecting among the demineralized specimens.
Application of the remineralization agents
The prepared primary and permanent teeth were distributed randomly into seven groups. To mimic the intraoral pH changes, the specimens were kept in a DM solution and in a RM solution. The DM contained 1.5 mM CaCl2, 0.9 mM KH2 PO4, and 50 mM acetic acid (pH 5.0) and the RM contained 1.5 mM CaCl2, 0.9 mM KH2 PO4, 130 mM KCl, and 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.0).[9] The specimens were immersed in freshly prepared DM for 30 min and RM for 2.5 h six times a day and kept in the RM for 6 h during the night. During the 4-week cycling period, the specimens were kept in RM for 48 h during the weekends.[11]
Throughout the 4 weeks' pH cycling period, the RM agents listed in [Table 1] were applied on the specimens for 2 min twice a day at 09:00 am and 04:00 pm. After the application, the specimens were cleaned via a toothbrush and distilled water and put back into the respective solutions. At the end of the pH cycling and treatment period, the specimens were kept cold and dry until the time of analysis.
Before and after the pH cycle, the artificial caries lesion was evaluated with a DIAGNOdent laser fluorescence device (KAVO, Biberach, Germany). The measurements were performed using the Type B tip designed for flat surfaces and all measurements were performed using the same device and the same tip. Before each measurement, the device was calibrated with the ceramic standard per the manufacturer's instructions. Each measurement was repeated twice per specimen, and the mean value was recorded. The results were interpreted based on the standardized values by the manufacturer.
The depth of the artificial caries was evaluated via polarized light microscopy (PLM). Approximately 200 μm slices were cut via a Micracut 201 precision microtome (Metkon, Bursa, Turkey). The slices were analyzed using a PLM (Euromex, Arnhem, Germany) under ×40 magnification, and the lesion depths and the degree of RM were measured using Image Focus 4.0 (Euromex, Arnhem, Germany).
At the end of the pH cycling, five specimens from each group were randomly taken out of the acrylic blocks, and the 4 mm × 4 mm enamel regions were cut from the borders. The cut pieces were ground using a mortar (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany) until approximately 75 μm particle size was obtained. The crystal phase of the obtained powder was analyzed using an APD 2000 PRO X-Ray Diffractometer (GNR, Novara, Italy) with 35 kV and 25 mA CuKa radiation at 10° ≤2 θ ≤70°. The results were analyzed using Economic Value Added 12.0.0 software (Bruker, Germany). The peak width of the apatite phase was measured via full width at half maximum (FWHM). The crystal size was calculated via the Scherrer's formula (D = 0.89 λ/βcosθ) (λ: CuKa wavelength, β: FWHM (211) plane, and θ: Diffraction angle).
Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using IBM SPSS (SPSS Ins., Chicago, USA) statistical software version 16.0 with a significance set at 0.05. All data were examined for normality and homogeneity of variance with Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and it was determined that the data in all groups had normal distribution. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey's Least Significant Difference (LSD), and Dunnett's T3 test (P < 0.05).
| Results | | |
DIAGNOdent and polarized light microscopy analyses
The DIAGNOdent and PLM measurements with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in RM of both primary and permanent teeth were observed between Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, and Group 5. However, no statistically significant difference was observed among Groups 2, 4, and 5 (P > 0.05).
No statistically significant difference in RM was observed between the Group 1, Group 3, and Group 7 (P > 0.05).
The highest RM was obtained in TCP + 5000 ppm F (Group 6) both on primary and permanent teeth. However, on permanent teeth, no statistically significant difference was observed between Group 6, Group 2, Group 4, and Group 5 (P > 0.05). On primary teeth, no statistically significant difference was observed between Group 6 and Group 4 (P > 0.05) [Table 2] and [Table 3]. | Table 2: After Remineralization agent applied to DIAGNOdent average values in permanent and primary teeth
Click here to view |
 | Table 3: After Remineralization agent applied to PLM average values in permanent and primary teeth (μm)
Click here to view |
X-ray diffractometry analysis
Although there were differences between the spectrograms of each group, the main inorganic component of the surface crystals was found to be hydroxyapatite [Figure 1] and [Figure 2].
In the permanent teeth, the highest crystal density (%I) was observed in Group 6 (75.84%), whereas the lowest density was observed in Group 1 (13.37%). The lowest FWHM was observed in Group 6 (0.197), whereas the highest FWHM was observed in Group 1 (0.274).
In the primary teeth, the highest crystal density (%I) was observed in Group 6 (78.07%), whereas the lowest density was observed in Group 1 (13.16%). The lowest FWHM was observed in Group 6 (0.184), whereas the highest FWHM was observed in Group 1 (0.304) [Table 4]. | Table 4: Intensity (I%), FWHM and Crystal Size values obtained by XRD analysis in permanent and primary teeth
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
RM of carious lesions is an important concept for preventive dentistry. Fluoride has been the most widely used agent to prevent or reverse DM. F ions replace the −OH groups in the hydroxyapatite, and the resulting fluorapatite is more resistant to acid challenge.[2] Therefore, the RM activity of fluoride increases only when there are sufficient free calcium and phosphate ions.[12] Due to the calcium-/phosphate-dependent action of fluoride and other concerns, such as toxicity, risk of fluorosis, fluoride-free or fluoride-supplemented products alternative to fluoride have been developed.[13] In this study, we have compared the in vitro efficacy of six products containing different mechanisms of actions and supplemented with fluoride.
The pH cycling model used in this study can mimic the intraoral pH changes and results in more realistic findings in evaluating the RM efficacy of an agent. Jayarajan et al. have reported that DIAGNOdent can produce quantitative measurements by the absorption of laser and reflection of nonabsorbed light by inorganic materials in the infrared spectrum.[14] It has, therefore, been proposed a suitable tool for monitoring the DM–RM processes in in vitro studies.
PLM has often been used to measure the depth of carious lesions.[15],[16],[17] Since the light is positively diffracted when passing through porous and organic regions and negatively diffracted when passing through inorganic regions, the lesion can be imaged.[18]
The lesion depths measured via PLM have been found to be lower on samples treated with Group 6, Group 2, and Group 4, compared to the other groups.
The lowest lesion depth (highest RM) observed on samples treated with Group 6 can be explained by the high dose of fluoride it contains. This agent can inhibit DM and promote RM by increasing the environmental pH due to the high-dose fluoride it contains. In addition, when the pH increases, the TCP releases calcium and phosphate ions further increases the pH and promotes mineral deposition onto the tooth surface.[19] In a study by Prabhakar et al.,[20] lesion depths have been investigated after a 28 days of pH cycling and treatment with 5000 ppm F, CPP-ACP + F, and TCP + 900 ppm F. The highest decrease in lesion depth has been observed in 5000 ppm F group. The researchers have concluded that the effect of the high fluoride-containing group is a result of the increase of fluoride inside the lesion due to the increase outside the lesion. Although the diffusion of the fluoride into the tissues slows down due to the interaction of fluoride with hydroxyapatite crystals, this effect has been attributed to the movement of the fluoride ions into the lesion.
The lowest RM was observed on samples treated with Group 7 and Group 3. We suggest that the low RM rates of Group 7 and Group 3 are because these agents are designed as antihypersensitivity agents rather than RM agents.[21],[22]
The crystal intensity evaluations showed that the highest mineral intensity was in Group 6, followed by Group 2, Group 5, and Group 4. The lowest intensity was observed in Group 1. The TCP in the Group 6 serves as a calcium and phosphate ion source and it contains a high dose of F. Therefore, it allows more F to penetrate the pores of the lesion, interact with the porous hydroxyapatite, and deposit new mineral. Both in permanent and primary teeth, FWHM was found to be lowest in Group 6 and highest in Group 1. Similar to our findings, it has been reported that the FWHM is inversely related to the crystal density and quality.[10],[23],[24]
In both the permanent and primary teeth, the newly formed mineral crystals by the tested agents were larger compared to the native enamel. In accordance with our findings,[25] they have reported that when the application duration of CPP-ACP-containing agents is increased, the Ca/P ratio of the enamel increases, and as a result, the size of the crystals increases.
| Conclusion | | |
Our findings show that TCP and CPP-ACP combined with F are successful RM agents for treating incipient enamel lesions. For agents used in combination with F, the success rate increases with higher concentrations of F. It can be concluded that in treating initial enamel lesions of adults, high success rate is expected when TCP is used in combination with high-dose (5000 ppm) F. In children, however, due to the risk the high F concentration poses, TCP + 900 ppm F or CPP-ACP (without fluoride) are safer alternatives.
- It is thought to be useful in the selection of appropriate and effective RM agent at pediatric patients. It is expected to benefit in preventive dentistry
- Our study sample calculation is presented in the appendix. Both primary and permanent teeth in 15 samples (for PLM) and 5 samples (for X-ray diffractometry) were calculated. A total of 20 samples were used in each group.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patients have given their consent for their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
The work was supported by Kırıkkale University BAP Coordination Unit.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low-level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999;27:31-40.  |
| 2. | Mir NA, Higuchi WI, Hefferren JJ. The mechanism of action of solution fluoride upon the demineralization rate of human enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1969;14:901-20. |
| 3. | Reynolds EC. Anticariogenic complexes of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides: A review. Spec Care Dentist 1998;18:8-16. |
| 4. | Ardu S, Castioni NV, Benbachir N, Krejci I. Minimally invasive treatment of white spot enamel lesions. Quintessence Int 2007;38:633-6. |
| 5. | Walsh LJ. Contemporary technologies for remineralization therapies: A review. Int Dent SA 2009;11:6-16. |
| 6. | Lippert F, Hara AT. Strontium and caries: A long and complicated relationship. Caries Res 2013;47:34-49. |
| 7. | Burwell AK, Litkowski LJ, Greenspan DC. Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (NovaMin): Remineralization potential. Adv Dent Res 2009;21:35-9. |
| 8. | Rehder Neto FC, Maeda FA, Turssi CP, Serra MC. Potential agents to control enamel caries-like lesions. J Dent 2009;37:786-90. |
| 9. | Zhang Q, Zou J, Yang R, Zhou X. Remineralization effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate crème on artificial early enamel lesions of primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent 2011;21:374-81. |
| 10. | Huang S, Gao S, Cheng L, Yu H. Combined effects of nano-hydroxyapatite and Galla Chinensis on remineralisation of initial enamel lesion in vitro. J Dent 2010;38:811-9. |
| 11. | ten Cate JM, Buijs MJ, Damen JJ. PH-cycling of enamel and dentin lesions in the presence of low concentrations of fluoride. Eur J Oral Sci 1995;103:362-7. |
| 12. | Reynolds EC, Cai F, Cochrane NJ, Shen P, Walker GD, Morgan MV, et al. Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dent Res 2008;87:344-8. |
| 13. | Martins CC, Paiva SM, Cury JA. Effect of discontinuation of fluoride intake from water and toothpaste on urinary excretion in young children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8:2132-41. |
| 14. | Jayarajan J, Janardhanam P, Jayakumar P, Deepika M. Efficacy of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACPF on enamel remineralization – An in vitro study using scanning electron microscope and DIAGNOdent. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:77-82. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 15. | Pulido MT, Wefel JS, Hernandez MM, Denehy GE, Guzman-Armstrong S, Chalmers JM, et al. The inhibitory effect of MI paste, fluoride and a combination of both on the progression of artificial caries-like lesions in enamel. Oper Dent 2008;33:550-5. |
| 16. | Vanichvatana S, Auychai P. Efficacy of two calcium phosphate pastes on the remineralization of artificial caries: A randomized controlled double-blind in situ study. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5:224-8. |
| 17. | da Camara DM, Miyasaki ML, Danelon M, Sassaki KT, Delbem AC. Effect of low-fluoride toothpastes combined with hexametaphosphate on in vitro enamel demineralization. J Dent 2014;42:256-62. |
| 18. | Hicks J, Garcia-Godoy F, Flaitz C. Biological factors in dental caries enamel structure and the caries process in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 2). J Clin Pediatr Dent 2004;28:119-24. |
| 19. | Karlinsey RL, Mackey AC, Walker ER, Frederick KE. Surfactant-modified beta-TCP: Structure, properties, and in vitro remineralization of subsurface enamel lesions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010;21:2009-20. |
| 20. | Prabhakar AR, Manojkumar AJ, Basappa N. In vitro remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions and assessment of dentine tubule occlusion from NaF dentifrices with and without calcium. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013;31:29-35. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 21. | Burwell A. Tubule occlusion of a novamin-containing dentifrice compared to recaldent-containing dentifrice – A remin/demin study in vitro. Novamin Res Rep 2006; conference presentation. |
| 22. | Diamanti I, Koletsi-Kounari H, Mamai-Homata E, Vougiouklakis G. Effect of fluoride and of calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpastes on pre-softened dentin demineralization and remineralization in vitro. J Dent 2010;38:671-7. |
| 23. | Wang CP, Huang SB, Liu Y, Li JY, Yu HY. The CPP-ACP relieved enamel erosion from a carbonated soft beverage: An in vitro AFM and XRD study. Arch Oral Biol 2014;59:277-82. |
| 24. | Zezell DM, Ana PA, Benetti C, Goulart VP, Bachmann L, Tabchoury CP, et al., editors. Compositional and crystallographic changes on enamel when irradiated by Nd: YAG or Er, Cr: YSGG lasers and its resistance to demineralization when associated with fluoride. Lasers Dentistry XVI, SPIE 7549:75490G1–75490G12. |
| 25. | Zhou C, Zhang D, Bai Y, Li S. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate remineralization of primary teeth early enamel lesions. J Dent 2014;42:21-9. |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Fatih Tulumbaci
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Çankırı Cad. Çiçek Sok. Ulus, 06050 Ankara
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_509_18
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Remineralization of early enamel lesions with a novel prepared tricalcium silicate paste |
|
| Kareem Hamdi, Hamdi H. Hamama, Amira Motawea, Amr Fawzy, Salah Hasab Mahmoud | | Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Remineralizing Potential of Various Commercially Available Dentifrices on Artificial Enamel Lesions |
|
| Avula Sai Sankar, B Nalini, K Pranitha, E Sridevi, K Siva Sankar, A Chandu Siva | | World Journal of Dentistry. 2022; 13(2): 116 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Evaluating the effect of Clinpro Tooth Crème on remineralization of pre-carious White Spot Lesions in anterior primary teeth: Randomized controlled clinical trial |
|
| Jina AlFeel, Mohannad Laflouf, Saleh AlKurdi, Muaaz Alkhouli | | Pediatric Dental Journal. 2021; 31(2): 152 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Comparison of the effect of fluoride gel and two toothpastes with different materials on remineralization of initial carious lesions in primary teeth |
|
| Razieh Meshki, Leila Basir, Nadereh Rahbar, Maryam Kazempour | | Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021; 10(9): 3309 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 5322 | | | Printed | 101 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 634 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 4 | | |
|
|
