| |
 |
|
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 20
| Issue : 1 | Page : 12-16 |
|
| Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative in vitro study |
|
|
Moushmi Chalakkarayil Bhagavaldas, Abhinav Diwan, S Kusumvalli, Shiraz Pasha, Madhuri Devale, Deepak Chowdary Chava
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 22-Jul-2015 |
| Date of Decision | 03-Dec-2015 |
| Date of Acceptance | 01-Nov-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 28-Jun-2017 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of two retreatment rotary systems in the removal of Gutta-percha (GP) and sealer from the root canal walls with or without solvent.
Materials and Methods: Forty-eight extracted human mandibular first premolars were prepared and obturated with GP and AH Plus sealer. Samples were then randomly divided into four groups. Group I was retreated with MtwoR rotary system without solvent, Group II was retreated with MtwoR rotary system with Endosolv R as the solvent, Group III with D-RaCe rotary system without solvent, and Group IV with D-RaCe rotary system and Endosolv R solvent. The cleanliness of canal walls was determined by stereomicroscope (×20) and AutoCAD software. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to compare the data.
Results: Results showed that none of the retreatment systems used in this study was able to completely remove the root canal filling material. D-RaCe with or without solvent showed significantly (P > 0.05) less filling material at all levels compared to MtwoR with/without solvent.
Conclusion: Within the limitation of the current study, D-RaCe rotary retreatment system is more effective in removing filling material from root canal walls when compared to MtwoR rotary retreatment system. Keywords: AH Plus sealer; D-RaCe; Gutta-percha; Mtwo R; Endosolv R
How to cite this article:
Bhagavaldas MC, Diwan A, Kusumvalli S, Pasha S, Devale M, Chava DC. Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2017;20:12-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Bhagavaldas MC, Diwan A, Kusumvalli S, Pasha S, Devale M, Chava DC. Efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems in removing Gutta-percha and sealer during endodontic retreatment with or without solvent: A comparative in vitro study. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 2];20:12-6. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2017/20/1/12/209075 |
| Introduction | |  |
According to the Glossary of Endodontics, retreatment is a procedure to remove root canal filling material from the tooth, followed by cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the canals.[1]
After the root canal procedure, a tooth may require retreatment because of persistent infection or reinfection of the root canal.[2] In addition, teeth with inadequate obturation, unfilled or untreated root canals, or under extended root fillings may require retreatment before coronal restoration as failure may occur in future.[3]
The main goal of nonsurgical root canal retreatment is to reestablish healthy periapical tissues. Only if the filling can be removed completely and the canal negotiated to the apical foramen, can the prerequisites for successful retreatment be fulfilled?[4] The success rates of orthograde retreatment are reported to range from approximately 65% to more than 80%.[5]
Many materials are being used for the filling of root canals, of which Gutta-percha (GP) with a variety of sealers is the most common. Many techniques have been advocated for the removal of GP in root canal-treated teeth.[4] Removal of GP using hand files with or without solvents is time consuming, especially when the fillings are well condensed.[6]
NiTi rotary retreatment system has been proposed because of their safety, efficiency, and speed in removing GP and the sealer.
The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two rotary retreatment systems - MtwoR and D-Race, on GP and sealer removal with or without solvent on extracted human teeth.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Human single canal mandibular first premolars which were extracted for orthodontic purposes, having patent and almost straight canals without bi/trifurcation verified radiographically and using Schneider's method [7],[8] were included.
Specimen preparation
Forty-eight mandibular first premolars were decoronated at the cement-enamel junction by means of the diamond disk to leave a root 15–16 mm in length. A size 10 K file was introduced into the canal until it was visible at the apical foramen, and the working length was determined by reducing 1 mm from this length. Radiographs were taken.
Canal preparation and obturation
Root canals were prepared using the step-back technique, and the canals were enlarged up to a size 35 K file apically and were flared to size 50 K file. After each instrument, the canal was irrigated with 2.5 ml of 3% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Then, the final flush was performed with 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 30 s followed by 5 ml of 3% of NaOCl for 30 s and then 5 ml of distilled water. The root canal was dried with paper points and obturated with GP and AH Plus sealer using the lateral compaction technique. The coronal access cavity was sealed with a temporary filling material (Cavit). All teeth were stored at 100% humidity and 37°C for 3 weeks to allow the sealer to set completely.[7],[9]
Retreatment procedure
The specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups with 12 roots each. The first 2–3 mm of GP was removed with Gates-Glidden bur #2 from the cervical part of the root. The retreatment files were carried into the canal using endo motor. Speed and torque were set according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Specimens in each group were retreated as follows:
Group I: Mtwo R (12 samples)
Mtwo R sizes 05/25 and 05/15 were used in a crown-down manner. Instrument size 05/15 was carried to the working length for the removal of filling material. Mtwo rotary files #35 and #40 file were utilized for the final cleaning process.
Group II: Mtwo R + solvent (12 samples)
The specimens in this group were retreated in the same manner as Group I except for receiving 2–3 drops of Endosolv R before insertion of each Mtwo R.
Group III: D-RaCe (12 samples)
Root canal fillings were removed using the DR1 instrument in a crown down technique, followed by the use of DR2. Both #35 and #40 files with 4% flaring were utilized to complete the cleaning process.
Group IV: D-RaCe + solvent (12 samples)
The specimens in this group were retreated in the same manner as Group III except for receiving 2–3 drops of Endosolv R before insertion of each D-RaCe.
In all groups, canals were rinsed with 5 ml of 3% NaOCl between each instrument. All files were discarded after 4 uses.[10] Retreatment was accomplished when GP is fully removed, and none was observed on the retreatment files. Radiographs were taken to ensure full debridement of the canal wall.
Evaluation
The roots were split longitudinally using a diamond disk and chisel. The amount of remaining GP and sealer was evaluated in three segments: 1 mm above the apex (apical), 8 mm from the apex (middle), and 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction (coronal). Then, the specimens were examined using a stereomicroscope at ×20 magnification. After being photographed with a digital camera [Figure 2], the images were evaluated using AutoCAD software. The percentage of residual filling material in the root canal walls was calculated using the following equation. | Figure 2: Group I (Figure a-c), Group II (Figure d-f) Group III (Figure g-i), and Group IV (Figure j-l)
Click here to view |
Removal was considered complete for all groups when no filling material was observed on instruments and no filling material could be detected inside the canal using stereomicroscope.
| Results | | |
Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized to compare the mean percentage of remaining GP and sealer in each group, and Mann–Whitney U-test was used for intragroup comparison [Table 1]. | Table 1: Comparison of Mtwo and D-RaCe instruments' ability to remove Gutta-percha/sealer with or without solvent from canal walls
Click here to view |
Results showed that none of the rotary retreatment systems used in this study was able to completely remove the root canal filling material (GP and sealer). Root canals retreated with D-RaCe with or without the use of solvent showed significantly (P > 0.05) less filling material at all levels compared to Mtwo R with or without the solvent [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Comparison of Mtwo and D-RaCe instruments' ability to remove mean values of Gutta-percha and sealer with/without solvent from canal walls
Click here to view |
- Group I (Mtwo R group without solvent) showed least amount of root canal filling materials in the coronal third. The middle third showed highest remnants of GP and sealer. However, the analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between each third
- Group II (Mtwo R with solvent) showed the least amount of remnants in coronal third, and the middle third showed the highest remnants of GP and sealer. The results were statistically significant (P > 0.05) only between the coronal and apical third
- Group III (D-Race without solvent) showed least remnants in the coronal third when compared to the middle and apical third. The results in the coronal third were statistically significant when compared to the middle and apical third. The middle and apical third showed similar results
- Group IV (D-RaCe with solvent) showed least remnants in coronal third and highest remnants in middle third. Apical third showed significantly lesser remnants when compared to middle third (P > 0.05).
| Discussion | | |
Removing all root filling materials is a prerequisite of nonsurgical retreatment as it allows subsequent cleaning and shaping and filling of the root canal system.[11] Of various available rotary retreatment systems, only MtwoR and D-RaCe have two files each, making these systems simple and easy to use.
D-RaCe rotary retreatment system consists of two files. DR1 (size 30, 0.10 taper, 1000 rpm) has a cutting tip to facilitate initial penetration of the filling material and is capable of coronal third cleaning. DR2 instrument (size 25, 0.04 taper, 600 rpm) has a noncutting tip and was used with light apical pressure until the working length was reached and is used for removing filling material from apical 2/3rd of the root canal. The space for dentine removal on the back of the blades is deep and provides sufficient space for the exit of dentinal debris, contributing to the superior removal of filling material.[12] DR1 and DR2 were designed with alternating cutting edges as well as a triangular cross-section.
The Mtwo rotary system also has two specifically designed files with cutting tips for retreatment. Mtwo R (15/0.05 and 25/0.05) files were operated in electric handpiece at constant speed 280 rpm and torque recommended by the manufacturer. The depth of the space designed for dentine removal is increased behind the blades, which provides the space for dentine removal and leads to efficient GP and sealer removal. Its capacity for good material removal is due to its structure. The Mtwo R instruments with positive rake angles act more like Hedström files and tend to remove bulks of filling material.[12]
In this study, the superior root canal cleanliness after retreatment with D-RaCe is in agreement with Rödig et al., who reported that D-RaCe rotary system is an efficient device for retreatment.[13]
In the present study, the better cleaning efficacy of D-RaCe rotary retreatment files could also be attributed to the higher rpm used when compared to the rpm used for Mtwo R rotary retreatment files. According to Ruddle, removing GP requires higher rpms than for cleaning and shaping procedures. The advantage of using higher rpm is that speed creates enough friction that mechanically softens and augurs GP from the root canals.[14]
The additional instruments are aimed to refine the root canal preparation, especially in the apical third, as the diameter of the apical retreatment instrument is normally in a clinical situation smaller than that of the file used for the instrumentation.[15]
The retreatment systems in the current study are similar to the previous study;[12] however, the other parameters such as sealant and solvent are different. A minimum release of formaldehyde was observed for AH Plus when compared to AH26. AH Plus is considered as gold standard due to its low solubility, less expansion, and very good sealing ability.[16]
Solvents have been used to soften and dissolve GP in the root canal to facilitate its penetration and removal. Whether solvents are helpful during GP removal or not, is inconclusive.[17] Chloroform is a Class 2B carcinogenic material and its use with these retreatment systems had a negative effect on the removal of filling material.[15] Endosolv R is originally designed for softening hardened resorcinol-formaldehyde resin.[18] The use of Endosolv R as a solvent in the present study led to GP and sealer residue on the canal walls. The reason for residual GP and sealer could be attributed to the solvents ability to soften GP and modify its structure to a viscous and highly adhesive material, which makes it more difficult to remove.
The current results showed no greater efficiency of material removal when using this solvent. It could, therefore, be concluded that its use in retreatment with either Mtwo R or D-RaCe rotary systems might not be necessary.
In the present study, both D-Race and Mwo R retreatment systems were more efficient in cleaning the coronal third of the root canals. This finding is likely due to the variable taper of the instruments; furthermore, Gates-Glidden size 2 which corresponds to size 70, was used to remove 2 mm of filling materials from the orifice. The use of Gates-Glidden drill is the most effective technique for removing root filling material from coronal and middle part of the root canal system.[2] According to Fridman and Moshonov, an increase in canal size decreased the remaining material.
In this study, complete removal of the filling material was not observed in all the groups. This is because of no chemical interaction between GP and AH Plus sealer, therefore, remaining sealer brushed on the canal wall might have increased the area of remaining material. This is in accordance with a study conducted by Schirrmeister et al.[19]
The present study shows the maximum amount of remaining filling material in the middle third of the root canals. The middle third has greater compaction of obturating material and sealer. Moreover, greater sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at the middle third could be the reason for greater amount of remaining debris in the middle third.
Under the conditions of the present study, it was impossible to completely remove the root canal filling material regardless of the technique used. D-RaCe rotary retreatment instruments were significantly more effective in the removal of filling material from the root canals when compared to Mtwo R rotary retreatment system. The use of solvent in the present study did not improve on the removal of filling material from the root canals.
No instrument fracture was observed in the study.
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitation of the current in-vitro study,
- D RaCe rotary retreatment system is more effective in removing gutta-percha and sealer from root canal walls when compared to Mtwo R rotary retreatment system
- The use of solvent, Endosolv R, had a negative impact on the removal of the filing material, even though statistically not significant.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | |
| 2. | Bodrumlu E, Uzun O, Topuz O, Semiz M. Efficacy of 3 techniques in removing root canal filling material. J Can Dent Assoc 2008;74:721.  [ PUBMED] |
| 3. | Friedman S, Stabholz A. Endodontic retreatment – Case selection and technique. Part 1: Criteria for case selection. J Endod 1986;12:28-33. |
| 4. | Somma F, Cammarota G, Plotino G, Grande NM, Pameijer CH. The effectiveness of manual and mechanical instrumentation for the retreatment of three different root canal filling materials. J Endod 2008;34:466-9. |
| 5. | Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod 1990;16:498-504. |
| 6. | Sae-Lim V, Rajamanickam I, Lim BK, Lee HL. Effectiveness of ProFile. 04 taper rotary instruments in endodontic retreatment. J Endod 2000;26:100-4. |
| 7. | de Mello JE Jr., Cunha RS, Bueno CE, Zuolo ML. Retreatment efficacy of gutta-percha removal using a clinical microscope and ultrasonic instruments: Part I – An ex vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108:e59-62. |
| 8. | Schneider SW. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:271-5. |
| 9. | Dadresanfar B, Mehrvarzfar P, Saghiri MA, Ghafari S, Khalilak Z, Vatanpour M. Efficacy of two rotary systems in removing gutta-percha and sealer from the root canal walls. Iran Endod J 2011;6:69-73. |
| 10. | Azar MR, Safi L, Nikaein A. Comparison of the cleaning capacity of Mtwo and Pro Taper rotary systems and manual instruments in primary teeth. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:146-51. |
| 11. | Mollo A, Botti G, Prinicipi Goldoni N, Randellini E, Paragliola R, Chazine M, et al. Efficacy of two Ni-Ti systems and hand files for removing gutta-percha from root canals. Int Endod J 2012;45:1-6. |
| 12. | Akhavan H, Azdadi YK, Azimi S, Dadresanfar B, Ahmadi A. Comparing the efficacy of Mtwo and D-RaCe retreatment systems in removing residual gutta-percha and sealer in the root canal. Iran Endod J 2012;7:122-6. |
| 13. | Rödig T, Hausdörfer T, Konietschke F, Dullin C, Hahn W, Hülsmann M. Efficacy of D-RaCe and ProTaper universal retreatment NiTi instruments and hand files in removing gutta-percha from curved root canals – A micro-computed tomography study. Int Endod J 2012;45:580-9. |
| 14. | |
| 15. | Marques da Silva B, Baratto-Filho F, Leonardi DP, Henrique Borges A, Volpato L, Branco Barletta F. Effectiveness of ProTaper, D-RaCe, and Mtwo retreatment files with and without supplementary instruments in the removal of root canal filling material. Int Endod J 2012;45:927-32. |
| 16. | Garrido AD, Lia RC, França SC, da SilVA JF, Astolfi-Filho S, Sousa-Neto MD. Laboratory evaluation of the physicochemical properties of a new root canal sealer based on Copaifera multijuga oil-resin. Int Endod J 2010;43:283-91. |
| 17. | Horvath SD, Altenburger MJ, Naumann M, Wolkewitz M, Schirrmeister JF. Cleanliness of dentinal tubules following gutta-percha removal with and without solvents: A scanning electron microscopic study. Int Endod J 2009;42:1032-8. |
| 18. | Ramzi H, Shokouhinejad N, Saghiri MA, Samieefard A. Efficacy of three different methods in the retreatment of root canals filled with Resilon/Epiphany SE. Iran Endod J 2010;5:161-6. |
| 19. | Schirrmeister JF, Meyer KM, Hermanns P, Altenburger MJ, Wrbas KT. Effectiveness of hand and rotary instrumentation for removing a new synthetic polymer-based root canal obturation material (Epiphany) during retreatment. Int Endod J 2006;39:150-6. |
Correspondence Address:
Moushmi Chalakkarayil Bhagavaldas
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Al-Azhar Dental College and Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala - 685 605
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.209075
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Effectiveness of Two Endodontic Instruments in Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer Retreatment |
|
| Antoun Farrayeh, Samar Akil, Ammar Eid, Valentina Macaluso, Davide Mancino, Youssef Haïkel, Naji Kharouf | | Bioengineering. 2023; 10(3): 362 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Effectiveness of Different Rotary Files Systems in Removal of Gutta-percha during Endodontic Retreatment with or without Solvents: A Comparative Study |
|
| Nisarga Kansar, Mirza Muzaamill Baig, Priya Patel, Sowmya Halasabalu Kalgeri, Achuthan Nair, Mohamed Samir Elnawawy | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2023; 24(9): 688 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Influence of Filling Material Remnants on the Diffusion of Hydroxyl Ions in Endodontically Retreated Teeth: An Ex Vivo Study |
|
| Vania Portela Ditzel Westphalen, Marilisa CL Gabardo, Natanael Henrique Ribeiro Mattos, Camila Paiva Perin, Liliane Roskamp, Cristiano Miranda de Araújo, Luiz Fernando Fariniuk, Flares Baratto–Filho | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2022; 23(8): 768 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
EFFICACY, CLEANING ABILITY OF PASSIVE ULTRASONIC IRRIGATION IN NON-SURGICAL ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT WITH AND WITHOUT SOLVENT USING STEREO MICROSCOPE – AN IN-VITRO STUDY |
|
| S.Anitha Rao, G. Sridhar, C.S. soonu | | INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH. 2021; : 66 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
The use of solvents for gutta-percha dissolution/removal during endodontic retreatments: A scoping review |
|
| Lara Dotto, Rafael Sarkis-Onofre, Ataís Bacchi, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira | | Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2021; 109(6): 890 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study removal of root filling materials |
|
| Mahdi A. Ajina, Pratik K. Shah, Bun San Chong | | International Endodontic Journal. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Comparison of the efficacy of laser-activated and ultrasonic-activated techniques for the removal of tricalcium silicate-based sealers and gutta-percha in root canal retreatment: a microtomography and scanning electron microscopy study |
|
| Ruiqi Yang, Yuqing Han, Zhaohui Liu, Zhezhen Xu, Hongyan Liu, Xi Wei | | BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Three Different Rotary Retreatment Systems with Manual Instrumentation in Removing Gutta-Percha from Root Canals – An In Vitro Study |
|
| Aparna V. Muraleedhar, Sarvapelli Venkata Satish, Ashwini M. Patil, Suresh Kumar Kovvuru, Snehalatha Patil | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021; 10(14): 1025 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Evaluation of the amount of remained sealer in the dentinal tubules following re-treatment with and without solvent |
|
| Emel Uzunoglu-Ozyurek, Sevinc Askerbeyli-Ors, SevincAktemur Türker | | Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2020; 23(4): 407 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Instrumentation for Removal of Gutta-percha and Sealers in Endodontic Retreatment: An In Vitro Study |
|
| Sujith Sivarajan, Pavithra K Ramanna, Pratik Agrawal, Adarsh Jayan, Kenchappanavar M Sangeetha | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2019; 20(11): 1269 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Two Different Endodontic Retreatment Systems in Removal of Gutta-percha: An in vitro Study |
|
| Krantikiran Reddy Ealla, PK Thaju Raj, Durga P Mudrakola, Deepak Baby, Rajeev K Govindankutty, Dilu Davis, Thenasseri P Sasikumar | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2018; 19(6): 726 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Efficacy of Rotary and Hand Instrument in removing Gutta-percha and Sealer from Root Canals of Endodontically Treated Teeth |
|
| Sheetal Mali, Amit Patil, Deepak Hegde, Himmat Jaiswal, Hrishikesh Saoji, Dhairaysheel N Edake | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2018; 19(8): 964 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 8734 | | | Printed | 258 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 634 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 12 | | |
|
|
