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| Year : 2016 | Volume
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| Issue : 1 | Page : 31-36 |
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| Ability of three desensitizing agents in dentinal tubule obliteration and durability: An in vitro study |
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Azher Banu Pathan1, Nagesh Bolla1, Sarath Raj Kavuri1, Chukka Ram Sunil1, Bhargavi Damaraju1, Sadhiq Khan Pattan2
1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2 Department of Orthodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 04-Sep-2015 |
| Date of Decision | 26-Nov-2015 |
| Date of Acceptance | 01-Dec-2015 |
| Date of Web Publication | 5-Jan-2016 |
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 Abstract | | |
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three desensitizing agents on dentinal tubule obliteration and their durability in use on the dentinal tubules.
Materials and Methods: Sixty specimens were obtained from 30 extracted sound human maxillary first premolars. Each tooth was mesiodistally sectioned to obtain 30 buccal and 30 lingual surfaces, and enamel was removed in order to simulate hypersensitive dentin. Specimens were divided into four groups with 15 specimens each. Group 1 samples were immersed in artificial saliva, Group 2 samples were coated with Vivasens, Group 3 samples were coated with VOCO Admira Protect, and Group 4 samples were coated with Neo Active Apatite suspension. These specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to find out the occluding ability of the respective products. The specimens were brushed to find out their durability for 1 week and 1 month and were examined under SEM.
Statistical Analysis: The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test.
Results: Group 1 differed significantly from the Vivasens, Admira, and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). The Vivasens group differed significantly from the Admira and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The Ormocer-based Admira Protect showed the best results. Keywords: Desensitizing agents; Neo Active Apatite; Vivasens; VOCO Admira
How to cite this article:
Pathan AB, Bolla N, Kavuri SR, Sunil CR, Damaraju B, Pattan SK. Ability of three desensitizing agents in dentinal tubule obliteration and durability: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2016;19:31-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Pathan AB, Bolla N, Kavuri SR, Sunil CR, Damaraju B, Pattan SK. Ability of three desensitizing agents in dentinal tubule obliteration and durability: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Mar 20];19:31-6. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2016/19/1/31/173190 |
| Introduction | |  |
Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common clinical condition that is experienced by 10-20% of the general population. [1] Females have been reported to have a higher incidence of hypersensitivity than males although the difference is not statistically significant and the greatest incidence has been documented in the 20-40 years age group. The most frequently affected teeth are premolars (68.8%), followed by molars, canines, and incisors. [2]
Dentinal hypersensitivity is characterized by short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli - typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical - and which cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or pathology. [3]
Correct diagnosis of dentinal hypersensitivity is very important and should be done by performing differential diagnosis in order to exclude some dental defects such as cracked tooth, dental caries, and some periodontal diseases so that we can apply the correct treatment plan. [4]
Dentinal hypersensitivity is closely related to exposed dentinal tubules, and the most common clinical cause of exposed dentinal tubules is gingival recession. [5] Brushing habits, diet, chewing tobacco, and some diseases including gastroesophageal reflux can also cause dentin hypersensitivity. [6] It may also result from abfraction, abrasion, or erosion and denudation of the root surface. It can occur as a result of nonsurgical and surgical periodontal treatment. [7]
Several hypotheses have been advocated to explain how external stimuli may influence the nerve fibers, such as the direct stimulation theory, the odontoblastic transducer theory, gate control theory, and the hydrodynamic theory, among which the most widely accepted theory is hydrodynamic theory. [8] According to this theory, the external stimuli cause a rapid flow of fluid in the dentinal tubules, activating the mechanoreceptors at the pulp/dentin interface, leading to pain. [9] The treatment for dentinal hypersensitivity has been classified by mode of delivery [10] as at-home (patient-applied) therapy and in-office (professional/dentist-applied) therapy.
There are many in vivo studies that have shown considerable decrease in hypersensitivity after using desensitizing in-office agents, but no in vitro studies have been conducted on desensitizing agents, and it has been proved from other studies that all the dentifrices and desensitizing in-office agents have the capacity for occluding dentinal tubules. However, no studies have been conducted to find out their durability. Durability is an important factor that helps us to know how long a desensitizing agent works on the obliteration of dentinal tubules, hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the tubule-occluding ability and durability of three desensitizing agents, namely, Vivasens (Ivoclar Vivadent Inc., Schaan, Liechtenstein, Europe), Admira Protect (VOCO America Inc., Indian land, South Carolina, USA), and Neo Active Apatite suspension (nanohydroxyapatite) (Ghimas, Bologna, Italy). Vivasens and Admira Protect (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) were proved to be the best in treating dentin hypersensitivity as in-office desensitizing agents, but there is no literature which demonstrates the reduction of dentin hypersensitivity by occluding dentinal tubules. Neo Active Apatite suspension was considered to be the most biocompatible and bioactive material, which has promoted remineralization, but no studies were conducted to know the dentin tubule occlusion, thus these three materials were used to find out their tubule-occluding ability and durability.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Vivasens, Admira Protect, and Neo Active Apatite suspension (nanohydroxyapatite) were used in this study.
Sixty specimens were obtained from 30 extracted sound human maxillary first premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purposes and were stored in 10% formalin (pH 7); decayed teeth, fractured teeth, and teeth with malformations were excluded from this study.
Each tooth was mesiodistally sectioned using a diamond wheel disk to obtain 30 buccal and 30 lingual surfaces. Plastic blocks 30 × 30 × 30 mm 3 were collected that were filled with plaster of Paris and specimens were placed in the plaster such that only the buccal and lingual surfaces were uncovered to prepare cavities on the cervical areas of each surface. Cavities of 2 mm depth and 3 mm width were prepared by using inverted cone bur (Dia-bur, Zhengzhou, Henan, China) on cervical areas of buccal and lingual surfaces and sectioned to obtain 5 × 5 × 3 mm 3 blocks. These blocks were polished by abrasive paper (600-1200 grit, SS White, Gloucester, England) in order to expose the dentin surface. Blocks were kept in 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 40 min in order to completely open the dentinal tubules. These blocks were ultrasonicated in distilled water for 12 min to remove the residual smear layer.
All the specimens were processed and examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM; IICT, Hyderabad, India) to observe the opening of the dentinal tubules to simulate hypersensitive cervical dentin. After SEM analysis, the specimens were washed and stored in artificial saliva.
Specimens were randomly divided into four groups with 15 specimens each, as follows:
Group I: 15 buccal surfaces were immersed in artificial saliva (control group).
Group II: 15 lingual surfaces were coated with Vivasens
Group III: 15 buccal surfaces were coated with Admira Protect.
Group IV: 15 lingual surfaces were coated with Neo Active Apatite suspension.
Experimental groups and their treatments
Group I: Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days. These samples were not treated with any desensitizing agents but kept in artificial saliva. The artificial saliva contained (mmoles/L): Distilled water 700 mL, Ca(OH) 2 1.56 mM, KCl 150.00 mM, HCl 36.00 mM, H 3 PO 4 0.088 mM, buffer 99.7 mM, pH 7.2.
Group II: Specimens were treated with Vivasens. According to the manufacturer's instructions, Vivasens was applied on the dentin surfaces with the help of disposable brush for at least 10 s.
Group III: Specimens were treated with Admira Protect. According to the manufacturer's instructions, Admira Protect was applied with a fine application brush such as Micro Tim (VOCO America Inc., Indian land, South Carolina, USA) evenly on all dentin surfaces, allowed to act for 20 s, and light-cured.
Group IV: Specimens were treated with Neo Active Apatite hydroxyl suspension, which was applied with brush for 10 s.
These specimens were mounted on metal stubs, kept in oven at 37°C for 2 h, and stored in vacuum silica gel dessicator for another 2 h; the samples were sputter-coated with 25 nm of gold for 10 min. All the specimens were examined under the SEM (IICT, Hyderabad, India) to check obliteration of the dentinal tubules. After SEM analysis, the specimens were placed in artificial saliva.
All the specimens were brushed twice daily for 7 days and 1 month for 2 min at a load of 250 g with oscillations of 6800 strokes per minute with the help of toothbrush machine [11] (custom-made). In between, the samples were stored in artificial saliva.
Finally, the specimens were examined under SEM for durability [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Occluding ability and durability of three Desensitizing agents after application on exposed dentinal tubules followed by brushing(for one week and after one month);
(a) Vivasens (b) Admira protect (c) Neo Active Apatite suspension
Click here to view |
Mounting on metal stub, keeping in oven at 37°C, storing in vacuum silica gel dessicator, and sputter-coating with 25 nm of gold never affected the durability of the desensitizing agents used in this study.
SEM scoring
Blind evaluation was performed independently by two observers who registered the tubular occlusion. In accordance with the tubule occlusion classification scoring system, evaluation was done as follows: [12]
- Occluded (100% of tubules occluded);
- Mostly occluded (50% to <100% of tubules occluded);
- Partially occluded (25% to <50% of tubules occluded);
- Mostly unoccluded (<25% of tubules occluded);
- Unoccluded (0%, no tubule occlusion).
The mean score of tubule occlusion by the two blinded observers was taken and used for analysis.
| Results | | |
The results obtained were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. All the analysis was carried out using SPSS version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). [Table 1] and [Table 2] show a significant difference between four groups (F = 609.9368, P < 0.05) at 5% level of significance. This means that the mean values were different in different groups. The pairwise comparison of groups by Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures was done. [Table 3] demonstrated the following: | Table 3: Pairwise comparison of four groups by Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures
Click here to view |
Group I (control group) differed significantly from the Vivasens, Admira, and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05): The mean values were significantly larger in the control group as compared to the Vivasens, Neo Active Apatite, and Admira groups.
Group II (Vivasens group) differed significantly from the Admira and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05): The mean value was significantly larger in the Vivasens group as compared to the Neo Active Apatite and Admira groups.
Group III (Admira group) differed significantly from the Neo Active Apatite group at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05): The mean value was significantly larger in the Neo Active Apatite group as compared to the Admira group.
| Discussion | | |
Dentin is a porous, fluid-filled, mineralized tissue including tubules that contribute to penetrability. Attrition, erosion, abfraction, and gingival recession contribute to loss of enamel and cementum so that dentinal tubules are exposed to the oral environment, causing hypersensitivity. [13]
Increase in oral health awareness has brought good benefits in identifying dental and oral diseases. [14] Management of painful dental problems such as dental hypersensitivity has been very difficult for many years and this has created a major problem. [15]
Dentin hypersensitivity prevalence ranges 1.34-75%. It is found in chronic periodontal disease as the root surface is exposed and prevalence ranges 72.5%-98% as the root surface is exposed. [16]
There were more patent dentinal tubules in sensitive dentin when compared with non sensitive dentin as reported by Absi. [17] The smear layer created during brushing, polishing, etc. has been found to resist fluid flow across the dentin toward the pulp. [18]
Dentin hypersensitivity has been associated with permeable dentin based on Brännström's hydrodynamic theory, which is the most accepted theory. [19] There are various treatment modalities to manage dentin hypersensitivity. One way of treating dentin hypersensitivity is by dentinal tubule occlusion or coagulation inside tubules, which prevents stimuli and dentinal fluid movement. [20]
According to Landry and Voyer, there is no ideal desensitizing agent, and any treatment for dentin hypersensitivity should be effective by only one application and should satisfy the following parameters proposed by Grossman (1934): not irritating pulp, not causing pain, easy application, long-lasting effect, not discoloring or staining teeth, not irritating soft tissues or periodontal ligament, low-cost. [21]
Various studies have been conducted by using desensitizing agents, antiinflammatory substances, iontophoresis, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) lasers, and other conventional treatments using composite resins and dentin adhesive. [22]
Precipitation of proteins and calcium crystals occurs when desensitizing agents are used. [23] However, the mechanism of action of desensitizing agents is not understood. [24] This study sought to evaluate in vitro agents that are utilized in treating dentin hypersensitivity in terms of their dentinal tubule occlusion and their durability using SEM analysis.
In-office agents were used because there are only a few studies conducted in vitro and theoretically, in-office desensitizing therapy provides immediate relief from symptoms of dentin hypersensitivity. [25] The materials used in this study are Vivasens, Admira Protect, and Neo Active Apatite suspension (nanohydroxyapatite).
Vivasens, manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent is a innovative protein precipitate-type desensitizer that provides protection for sensitive cervicals. Vivasens protects exposed cervicals from external stimuli. It seals the root surfaces by the precipitation of calcium ions and proteins. According to its manufacturer, the polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate triggers the precipitation of plasma proteins in the dentinal tubules. Glutaraldehyde, which is the other content, is a cross-linking reagent capable of bonding to amine groups of proteins. Potassium fluoride provides additional protection. [26] Admira Protect manufactured by Voco (Cuxhaven, Germany), is a light cured Ormocer based desensitizer (VOCO America Inc., Indian land, South Carolina, USA) which is biocompatible, and uses special filler technology and fluoride release. [27] Admira Protect contains 10-12% of a hydroxyethyl methacrylate/bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate mixture and acetone. As it does not include chemicals to produce polymerization, the desensitizing effects of Admira Protect are thought to occur by precipitation of plasma proteins of dentinal fluid inside the tubules, thereby reducing fluid flow. Ormocer showed significant reduction of hypersensitivity. [28]
Apatite Neo Active Suspension is a fluid desensitizing gel, made from crystalline hydroxyapatite developed by Ghimas; it is 70-100 nm in measurement, highly resistant to acids in the oral cavity, penetrates deeper into the tubules, and helps by providing protection from acids. The product is composed of a suspension of nanohydroxyapatite in absolute alcohol.
The hydroxyapatite is produced according to a technique developed by Ghimas, and it has structural, dimensional, and biofunctional characteristics that replicate those of the natural dentin. The biometric nanohydroxyapatite bonds to the collagen fibrils present on the surface of the dentinal tubules, occluding them, and as a result reduce or eliminate pain-inducing stimuli. The active nanohydroxyapatite occludes any open orifices of dentinal tubules, resists attack by acids present in the oral cavity and when applied on the affected tooth it penetrates into the dentin, thereby protecting it.
In the current study, only the number of patent dentinal tubules was counted. The results showed that all three desensitizing agents relatively showed dentinal tubule occlusion, despite their different chemical compositions and application procedures. However, after brushing for 1 week and 1 month, the mean tubule openings were larger in the control group as compared to the Vivasens, Neo Active Apatite, and Admira groups, so the control group (Group I) differed significantly from the Vivasens, Admira, and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). Group II, that is, the Vivasens group, showed a greater number of opened dentinal tubules after brushing when compared to Group III and Group IV. The Vivasens group differed significantly from the Admira and Neo Active Apatite groups at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). This means that the mean value was significantly higher in the Vivasens group as compared to the Neo Active Apatite and Admira groups. Group III, that is, the Admira group showed the lowest number of opened dentinal tubules when compared to Group I, Group II, and Group IV. That is, the Admira group occluded dentinal tubules well even after 1 week and 1 month of brushing when compared to Group I, Group II, and Group IV. The Admira group differed significantly from the Neo Active Apatite group at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). This means that the mean value was significantly higher in the Neo Active Apatite group as compared to the Admira group. The Neo Active group, that is, Group IV, showed a higher number of opened dentinal tubules when compared to Group II and Group III; from the results, Group III, that is, the Admira group showed the best results by occluding a higher number of dentinal tubules after brushing for 1 week and 1 month.
In the present study, 60 specimens were obtained from 30 extracted sound human maxillary first premolars. Each tooth was mesiodistally sectioned using diamond wheel disk to obtain 30 buccal and 30 lingual surfaces on each of which a cavity of 2 mm depth and 3 mm width was prepared on cervical areas and sectioning was don to obtain a 5 × 5 × 3 mm 3 block. These blocks were kept in EDTA to completely open the dentinal tubules and were examined under SEM. All the blocks showed opening of dentinal tubules on SEM analysis. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups with 15 specimens each. All these specimens were treated with respective desensitizing agents and were examined under SEM, and all the specimens showed complete closure of dentinal tubules under SEM. After application with the respective agents, all the specimens were brushed twice daily for 2 min with oscillation of 6800 strokes per minute for 1 week with customized toothbrush and were again examined under SEM, and brushing was continued twice daily for 2 min with oscillation of 6800 strokes per minute for 1 month with customized toothbrush and again examined under SEM. Specimens were brushed twice daily for 2 min with oscillation of 6800 strokes per minute for 1 week and 1 month to know the durability of desensitizing agents used in this study.
Anything can occlude dentinal tubules, and many studies have been conducted on dentinal tubule occlusion, but no studies have been conducted to know the product's durability. Thus, the present study was conducted, and it gives information about dentinal tubule occlusion by different desensitizing materials and also about their durability.
In this study, all the three desensitizing agents relatively showed dentinal tubule occlusion, but Ormocer-based Admira Protect showed the best durability when compared to other products when brushed twice daily for 2 min with oscillation of 6800 strokes per minute for the 1 week and 1 month evaluation period.
Ormocer-based Admira Protect showed definite potential as an effective and permanent desensitizer when used as an in-office agent; however, further long-term studies and comparative clinical trials with other popular desensitizing methods need to be carried out to prove its superiority.
| Conclusions | | |
- All the three desensitizing agents demonstrated dentinal tubule occlusion despite their different chemical compositions and application procedures.
- Ormocer-based Admira Protect showed definite potential as an effective and permanent desensitizer when used as an in-office agent in the 1 week and 1 month evaluation period.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Correspondence Address:
Dr. Azher Banu Pathan
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur - 522 509, Andhra Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.173190
[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3] |
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